Added EventBus logic and moved camera to be drawn on Containers

client/Makefile

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ LDFLAGS = -lfreetype -lz -lglfw -lvulkan -ldl -Xlinker -rpath -Xlinker /opt/home
 CFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --cflags lua)
 LDFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --libs lua)
 
-ENGINE_SOURCES = src/engine.c src/draw.c src/ui.c src/ui_lua.c src/gpu.c src/hex.c src/hsv.c lib/spng.c lib/vma.cpp
+ENGINE_SOURCES = src/engine.c src/draw.c src/ui.c src/ui_lua.c src/events.c src/camera.c src/gpu.c src/hex.c src/hsv.c lib/spng.c lib/vma.cpp
 APP_SOURCES = src/main.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
-EDITOR_SOURCES = src/editor_main.c src/editor.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
+EDITOR_SOURCES = src/editor_main.c src/editor.c src/editor_lua.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
 TEST_SOURCES = test/hsv.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
-TEST_EDITOR_SOURCES = test/editor.c src/editor.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
+TEST_EDITOR_SOURCES = test/editor.c src/editor.c src/editor_lua.c $(ENGINE_SOURCES)
 
 APP_OBJECTS = $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(APP_SOURCES)))
 EDITOR_OBJECTS = $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(EDITOR_SOURCES)))

client/include/camera.h

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#ifndef CAMERA_H
+#define CAMERA_H
+
+#include <cglm/types.h>
+#include "gpu.h"
+
+// Forward declaration only (no #include "ui.h") - camera.h and ui.h are
+// mutually referential (Container owns a Camera*, Camera targets a
+// UIContext's texture pool) and neither needs more than a pointer to the
+// other's type.
+typedef struct UIContextStruct UIContext;
+
+// GPU mirror of the proj/view a camera pushes to its render target's push
+// constant; std430 layout must match shader/camera_common.glsl's Camera
+// buffer_reference struct exactly.
+typedef struct GPUCameraStruct {
+  mat4 proj;
+  mat4 view;
+} GPUCamera;
+
+// Orbital camera: looks at `position` from `distance` away, oriented by
+// `rotation` (yaw, pitch). `view`/`proj` are derived state, stale until
+// camera_update_view/camera_update_proj run - callers are responsible for
+// calling them after changing position/rotation/distance, or after the
+// camera's target size changes.
+//
+// A camera's on-screen placement isn't camera state - attach it to a
+// Container (container_set_camera, ui.h) and that container's anchor/
+// offset/size/z-order (container_order) becomes the camera's viewport and
+// draw order, same as every other container. A camera can separately (or
+// instead) render into an offscreen texture via camera_init_texture_target,
+// for other pipelines/containers to sample.
+typedef struct CameraStruct {
+  vec3   position;
+  vec2   rotation;
+  double distance;
+  mat4   view;
+  mat4   proj;
+
+  bool has_texture_target;
+  struct {
+    uint32_t      width, height;
+    // Double-buffered per frame-in-flight: two separate vkQueueSubmits
+    // aren't hazard-free against each other without extra sync, so this
+    // mirrors the existing pattern (HexContext/Container GPU buffers)
+    // rather than adding a new semaphore.
+    uint32_t      texture_slot[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+    VkImage       depth_image[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+    VkImageView   depth_image_view[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+    VmaAllocation depth_image_memory[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+  } texture;
+
+  VkBuffer        gpu_buffer[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+  VmaAllocation   gpu_buffer_memory[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+  VkDeviceAddress gpu_address[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
+} Camera;
+
+VkResult create_camera(RenderContext* gpu, Camera* camera);
+
+void camera_update_view(Camera* camera);
+
+void camera_update_proj(Camera* camera, float aspect);
+
+VkResult camera_sync_gpu(Camera* camera, RenderContext* gpu);
+
+VkResult camera_init_texture_target(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    Camera* camera,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height);
+
+void camera_destroy_texture_target(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    Camera* camera);
+
+#endif

client/include/draw.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     RenderContext* context,
     UIContext* ui,
     HexContext* hex,
+    Camera* offscreen_camera,
     double time);
 
 #endif

client/include/editor.h

@@ -25,32 +25,52 @@ struct ModeKeyStruct {
 };
 
 struct EditorDataStruct {
-  EditorMode mode;
-
   ModeKey* mode_keys[MODE_MAX_ENUM];
   uint32_t mode_key_counts[MODE_MAX_ENUM];
 
+  // The full-window container hosting context->camera (see editor_startup/
+  // container_set_camera) - kept around so editor_frame_callback's resize
+  // check can update its size without a lookup every frame.
+  Container* main_container;
+
   uint32_t  selected_max;
   uint32_t  selected_count;
 
   uint32_t* selected_regions;
   uint32_t* selected_hexes;
   uint32_t* selected_vertices;
+
+  bool      hover_valid;
+  uint32_t  hover_region;
+  uint32_t  hover_hex;
+  uint32_t  hover_vertex;
+
+  // Camera control scheme: WASD/scroll accumulate into these, which
+  // editor_frame_callback integrates into context->camera each frame. The
+  // camera itself (position/rotation/distance/view) is engine-owned
+  // (ClientContext.camera) - this is app policy for how input drives it,
+  // not camera state, so a different app (or a scripted sequence) can drive
+  // the same camera without this accumulator scheme at all.
+  vec3    velocity;
+  int32_t spin[2];
+  int32_t zoom;
+
+  float   spin_speed;
+  float   zoom_speed;
+  float   move_speed;
 };
 
 EditorData* create_editor_data(void);
 
 void editor_startup(ClientContext* context);
-void editor_frame_callback(ClientContext* context);
+void editor_frame_callback(ClientContext* context, double delta_time);
 void editor_key_callback(ClientContext* context, int key, int action, int mods);
 void editor_scroll_callback(ClientContext* context, double x, double y);
 void editor_button_callback(ClientContext* context, float x, float y, int button, int action, int mods);
+void editor_cursor_callback(ClientContext* context, float x, float y);
 
-void clear_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods);
+EditorMode current_mode(ClientContext* context);
-void enter_vertex_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods);
+void editor_set_mode(ClientContext* context, EditorMode mode);
-void enter_neighbor_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods);
-void enter_hex_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods);
-void enter_region_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods);
 
 void resize_selected(EditorData* data, unsigned int size);
 int32_t find_selected_hex(EditorData* data, uint32_t region, uint32_t hex);

client/include/editor_lua.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef EDITOR_LUA_H
+#define EDITOR_LUA_H
+
+#include "engine.h"
+
+// Registers the `camera` global table (editor-specific, needs ClientContext,
+// so it can't live in the engine-generic ui_lua.c)
+void editor_lua_register(lua_State* L, ClientContext* context);
+
+#endif

client/include/engine.h

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 #include "gpu.h"
 #include "ui.h"
 #include "hex.h"
+#include "events.h"
+#include "camera.h"
 
 typedef struct ClientContextStruct ClientContext;
 
@@ -37,7 +39,8 @@ typedef void (*app_cursor_callback)(
     float y);
 
 typedef void (*app_frame_function)(
-    ClientContext* context);
+    ClientContext* context,
+    double delta_time);
 
 typedef void (*app_startup_function)(
     ClientContext* context);
@@ -48,19 +51,14 @@ struct ClientContextStruct {
   RenderContext render;
   UIContext ui;
   HexContext hex;
-
+  EventBus events;
-  vec3    position;
+  Camera camera;
-  vec3    velocity;
+
-
+  // Nullable, non-owning. Set by the app to render a second camera's scene
-  vec2    rotation;
+  // into an offscreen texture each frame (see camera_init_texture_target,
-  int32_t spin[2];
+  // camera.h) - NULL (the zero-init default) skips that pass entirely, so
-
+  // apps that don't opt in see no behavior change.
-  double  distance;
+  Camera* offscreen_camera;
-  int32_t zoom;
-
-  float   spin_speed;
-  float   zoom_speed;
-  float   move_speed;
 
   void*                app_data;
   app_frame_function   app_frame;

client/include/events.h

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#ifndef EVENTS_H
+#define EVENTS_H
+
+#include "ui.h"
+
+// Source id for events/writes originating from C. Container ids are nonzero
+// (load_container rejects 0), so 0 is free to mean "the engine".
+#define EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE 0
+
+// Names under "engine." can only be emitted by C; app.emit rejects them.
+// Property writes announce themselves as "engine.changed.<property>".
+#define EVENT_ENGINE_PREFIX  "engine."
+#define EVENT_CHANGED_PREFIX "engine.changed."
+
+// Dispatched directly (never queued) once per drain after the queue is
+// exhausted, so handlers reliably run after every change event of the
+// frame — the coalescing point for dirty-flag subscribers. Events emitted
+// by its handlers queue for the next frame.
+#define EVENT_FRAME "engine.frame"
+
+// Max events processed per drain; hitting it means a handler cycle is
+// endlessly re-emitting, so the remainder is dumped to stderr and dropped.
+#define EVENT_DRAIN_MAX 1024
+
+typedef enum PropertyTypeEnum {
+  PROPERTY_NUMBER,
+  PROPERTY_STRING,
+  PROPERTY_BOOL,
+} PropertyType;
+
+typedef struct PropertyStruct {
+  char* name;
+  PropertyType type;
+  union {
+    double number;
+    char*  string;   // owned; NULL until first set
+    bool   boolean;
+  } value;
+} Property;
+
+// C subscriber. The event's packed args table is on the Lua stack at
+// args_index (t[1..t.n]); it must still be there when the handler returns.
+typedef void (*EventHandler)(
+    void* userdata,
+    const char* event,
+    uint32_t source,
+    lua_State* L,
+    int args_index);
+
+typedef struct EventSubscriptionStruct {
+  char*        event;
+  // Registry ref of the script this subscription was made from, restored as
+  // the ambient "current script" before invoking a Lua handler — so
+  // ui.create_overlay called from inside it attributes correctly. Not used
+  // for lifecycle: subscriptions currently live for the process, since
+  // nothing unloads a script (only overlays, which are a separate
+  // lifecycle — see events-design memory).
+  int          script_env;
+  int          lua_ref;       // handler function ref, LUA_NOREF for C handlers
+  EventHandler handler;       // NULL for Lua handlers
+  void*        userdata;
+  // Removal during a drain marks instead of compacting so in-flight
+  // iteration stays valid; compaction happens when the drain finishes
+  uint8_t      dead;
+} EventSubscription;
+
+typedef struct QueuedEventStruct {
+  char*    name;
+  uint32_t source;
+  int      args_ref;  // registry ref to the packed args table
+} QueuedEvent;
+
+struct EventBusStruct {
+  lua_State* L;
+
+  EventSubscription* subs;
+  uint32_t sub_count;
+  uint32_t sub_cap;
+
+  QueuedEvent* queue;
+  uint32_t queue_count;
+  uint32_t queue_cap;
+
+  Property* properties;
+  uint32_t property_count;
+  uint32_t property_cap;
+
+  bool draining;
+};
+
+// Registers the `app` global (emit/subscribe/get/set) in the Lua state
+VkResult event_bus_init(EventBus* bus, lua_State* L);
+
+// Pops nargs values off the top of the Lua stack into the event's packed
+// args and appends to the queue. Never dispatches; the queue drains once
+// per frame from the top level.
+VkResult event_emit(EventBus* bus, const char* name, uint32_t source, int nargs);
+
+// Subscribes a C handler; Lua handlers subscribe via app.subscribe
+VkResult event_subscribe(EventBus* bus, const char* name, EventHandler handler, void* userdata);
+
+// Dispatches queued events in emit order, including events emitted by
+// handlers during the drain, up to EVENT_DRAIN_MAX
+void event_bus_drain(EventBus* bus, UIContext* ui, RenderContext* gpu, double delta_time);
+
+VkResult event_property_register(EventBus* bus, const char* name, PropertyType type);
+
+// Direct read access; NULL if unregistered
+Property* event_property(EventBus* bus, const char* name);
+
+// Setters no-op when the value is unchanged; otherwise they store the value
+// and emit engine.changed.<name> with the new value as the single argument.
+// Emission is unconditional on real changes regardless of who wrote.
+VkResult event_property_set_number(EventBus* bus, const char* name, double value, uint32_t source);
+VkResult event_property_set_string(EventBus* bus, const char* name, const char* value, uint32_t source);
+VkResult event_property_set_bool(EventBus* bus, const char* name, bool value, uint32_t source);
+
+// Arg accessors for C EventHandler bodies
+int event_arg_count(lua_State* L, int args_index);
+double event_arg_number(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i);
+bool event_arg_bool(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i);
+// Returned pointer is anchored by the args table; valid until the drain
+// releases the event
+const char* event_arg_string(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i);
+
+#endif

client/include/gpu.h

@@ -257,4 +257,15 @@ VkShaderModule load_shader_file(
 VkResult recreate_framebuffer(
     RenderContext* gpu);
 
+VkResult create_depth_image(
+    VkDevice device,
+    VkFormat depth_format,
+    VkExtent2D extent,
+    VmaAllocator allocator,
+    VkCommandPool extra_graphics_pool,
+    GPUQueue graphics_queue,
+    VkImage* depth_image,
+    VmaAllocation* depth_image_memory,
+    VkImageView* depth_image_view);
+
 #endif

client/include/hex.h

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 #define HEX_H
 
 #include "gpu.h"
+#include "camera.h"
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
 
 #define MAX_RAYS 10
-#define MAX_HIGHLIGHTS 10
+// Last slot of each is reserved for the hover preview (see editor.c).
-#define MAX_POINTS 10
+#define MAX_HIGHLIGHTS 11
+#define MAX_POINTS 11
 
 #define MAX_LOADED_REGIONS 2500
 #define REGION_SIZE 10
@@ -77,8 +79,6 @@ typedef struct GPUPointStruct {
 } GPUPoint;
 
 typedef struct GPUHexContextStruct {
-  mat4 proj;
-  mat4 view;
   uint32_t current_map;
   VkDeviceAddress rays;
   VkDeviceAddress points;
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ typedef struct HexContextStruct {
 
 typedef struct HexPushConstantStruct {
   VkDeviceAddress context;
+  VkDeviceAddress camera;
   double time;
 } HexPushConstant;
 
@@ -156,15 +157,13 @@ bool ray_world_intersect(
     bool edge_only,
     HexContext* context);
 
-VkResult update_hex_proj(
+// Recomputes the picking-ray inverse matrix (hex->inverse) from a camera's
-    RenderContext* gpu,
+// already-computed proj/view (see camera_update_proj/camera_update_view).
-    HexContext* hex);
+// Picking is only ever done against one camera at a time (the interactive
-
+// one - see cursor_to_world_ray's full-window assumption), so callers pick
-VkResult update_hex_view(
+// which camera's proj*view this reflects; it isn't tied to any specific one.
-    vec3 position,
+void update_hex_picking_inverse(
-    vec2 rotation,
+    Camera* camera,
-    double distance,
-    RenderContext* gpu,
     HexContext* hex);
 
 void hex_qr(uint32_t hex, HexCoord* world);

client/include/ui.h

@@ -130,6 +130,10 @@ typedef struct StringResourcesStruct {
 
 typedef struct UIContextStruct UIContext;
 typedef struct ContainerStruct Container;
+typedef struct EventBusStruct EventBus;
+// Forward declaration only (no #include "camera.h") - see camera.h's
+// matching note on why these two headers don't include each other.
+typedef struct CameraStruct Camera;
 
 struct ContainerStruct {
   VkBuffer container[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
@@ -178,8 +182,21 @@ struct ContainerStruct {
 
   uint32_t id;
 
-  int   script_env;   // Lua registry ref for this container's environment table, 0 = no script
+  // Non-owning, nullable. When set, this container's region (anchor/offset/
-  char* script_path;
+  // size) and slot in container_order double as the camera's viewport and
+  // draw order - see container_set_camera/container_screen_rect.
+  Camera* camera;
+
+  // script_env: which script's dispatch handlers (on_button etc.) run for
+  // this container's input, 0 = no script. Set by ui.create_overlay, not by
+  // load_container — creation and script execution are decoupled; a single
+  // script_env can own multiple containers.
+  int script_env;
+  // Cached ref to this container's overlay handle userdata, so every
+  // dispatch call (and re-lookup from Lua) hands back the same object —
+  // required for scripts to compare handles by identity (overlay ==
+  // some_local). LUA_NOREF until ui.create_overlay makes one.
+  int overlay_ref;
 };
 
 typedef struct ContainerInputStruct {
@@ -187,8 +204,6 @@ typedef struct ContainerInputStruct {
   uint32_t anchor;
   vec2 offset;
   vec2 size;
-
-  const char* script_path;   // path to the .lua file declaring the container's elements
 } ContainerInput;
 
 typedef struct GPUUIContextStruct {
@@ -228,6 +243,10 @@ struct UIContextStruct {
 
   uint32_t max_containers;
   Container* containers;
+  // Auto-incrementing id source for ui.create_overlay; starts at 1 so 0
+  // stays reserved for EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE / "no container". Never reused,
+  // so a stale overlay handle's id can never collide with a live container.
+  uint32_t next_container_id;
 
   // Container slot indices in draw order (back to front). Loading appends,
   // so new containers spawn on top.
@@ -240,6 +259,10 @@ struct UIContextStruct {
 
   lua_State* lua;
 
+  // Set by the app after event_bus_init; unload_container uses it to drop
+  // the container's event subscriptions
+  EventBus* events;
+
   Container*   active_container;
   uint32_t     active_element;
 
@@ -267,11 +290,25 @@ VkResult load_texture(
     UIContext* context,
     uint32_t* index);
 
+// Registers a color-attachment-capable texture (COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT |
+// SAMPLED_BIT, gpu->swapchain_format.format) in the same bindless slot pool
+// load_texture uses, for a camera to render into and other pipelines to
+// later sample - see camera_init_texture_target (camera.h).
+VkResult create_render_target_texture(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* context,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height,
+    uint32_t* index);
+
 VkResult load_container(
     ContainerInput* container,
     RenderContext* gpu,
     UIContext* context);
 
+// Allocates the next auto-incrementing container id for ui.create_overlay
+uint32_t ui_alloc_container_id(UIContext* context);
+
 VkResult unload_container(
     uint32_t id,
     RenderContext* gpu,
@@ -279,6 +316,16 @@ VkResult unload_container(
 
 void ui_container_to_front(uint32_t id, UIContext* ui);
 
+// Non-owning: caller keeps camera alive as long as it's attached. Pass NULL
+// to detach (the container goes back to being a plain 2D overlay).
+void container_set_camera(Container* container, Camera* camera);
+
+// Converts a container's anchored region (point space, like anchor_offset)
+// to a physical-pixel VkViewport/VkRect2D-compatible rect (window_scale
+// space, like swapchain_extent) - the conversion a screen-region camera's
+// viewport needs that anchor_offset alone doesn't provide.
+void container_screen_rect(RenderContext* gpu, Container* container, VkRect2D* out);
+
 // Runtime element management. Slots are stable for the element's lifetime;
 // destroyed slots are recycled by later creates.
 VkResult ui_create_drawable(

client/include/ui_lua.h

@@ -3,27 +3,49 @@
 
 #include "ui.h"
 
-// Registers the `ui` global table and input constants in the Lua state
+// Registers the `ui`/`app` globals and input constants in the Lua state
 void ui_lua_register(lua_State* L);
 
-// Loads a script into a sandboxed environment, stores the env ref in c->script_env
+// Loads and runs a script file in its own sandboxed environment. Creation
-VkResult ui_lua_load_container(
+// and script execution are decoupled: this makes no container. The script
+// calls ui.create_overlay itself, from wherever it wants one — top level,
+// a dispatch handler, or a bus subscription callback, any of which may run
+// after this call returns, since app.subscribe can defer indefinitely.
+VkResult ui_lua_run_script(
     lua_State* L,
-    Container* c,
     UIContext* ui,
     RenderContext* gpu,
     const char* path);
 
-// Calls a global function in the container's script with one string argument
+// The container an input dispatch is currently calling into; NULL outside
-VkResult ui_lua_call(
+// dispatch (top-level script execution, bus subscription callbacks) — those
-    UIContext* ui,
+// contexts have no single "current" overlay, so ui.rect/ui.text require one
-    RenderContext* gpu,
+// to have been created first.
+Container* ui_lua_current_container(lua_State* L);
+
+// Points the binding's registry context at a container (or NULL) before
+// calling into a script from outside the normal dispatch path
+void ui_lua_set_current(
+    lua_State* L,
     Container* c,
-    const char* function,
+    UIContext* ui,
-    const char* argument);
+    RenderContext* gpu);
+
+// The script_env of whichever script is conceptually "running" right now —
+// the script executing its top level, the script owning the container an
+// input dispatch is calling into, or the script that registered the bus
+// subscription currently being delivered. Used to attribute new overlays
+// (ui.create_overlay) and new subscriptions (app.subscribe) to the right
+// script. LUA_NOREF if nothing is running (shouldn't happen in practice).
+int ui_lua_current_script(lua_State* L);
+
+void ui_lua_set_current_script(lua_State* L, int script_env);
 
 // Called by the engine input path. Each returns true if the container's script
-// defined the handler and it returned a truthy value (event consumed).
+// defined the handler and it returned a truthy value (event consumed). The
+// handler receives the dispatching container's overlay handle as its first
+// argument, before element: a script's script_env may back more than one
+// container, so a shared on_button etc. needs to know which one fired.
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_button(
     UIContext* ui,
     RenderContext* gpu,

client/script/color_picker.lua

@@ -1,265 +0,0 @@
--- Color picker: element declarations and interaction logic.
--- z controls stacking within the container; equal z means don't overlap.
-
-local bg = ui.rect{
-  pos = {0, 0},
-  size = {190, 150},
-  color = {0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8},
-  z = 0,
-}
-
-local sv_square = ui.rect{
-  type = RECT_HSV,
-  pos = {2, 2},
-  size = {130, 130},
-  colors = {{0, 0, 1, 1}, {0, 1, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 1, 0, 1}},
-  events = EVENT_BUTTON,
-  z = 1,
-}
-
-local hue_bar = ui.rect{
-  type = RECT_HSV,
-  pos = {134, 2},
-  size = {10, 130},
-  colors = {{0, 1, 1, 1}, {0, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1}},
-  events = EVENT_BUTTON + EVENT_SCROLL,
-  z = 1,
-}
-
-local sv_outline = ui.rect{
-  pos = {130-4, 130-4},
-  size = {7, 7},
-  color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
-  z = 2,
-}
-
-local sv_select = ui.rect{
-  type = RECT_HSV,
-  pos = {130-3, 130-3},
-  size = {5, 5},
-  color = {1, 0, 0, 1},
-  z = 3,
-}
-
-local hex_area = ui.rect{
-  pos = {20, 134},
-  size = {95, 15},
-  events = EVENT_BUTTON + EVENT_CURSOR,
-  z = 1,
-}
-
-local hue_select = ui.rect{
-  pos = {134, 2},
-  size = {10, 1},
-  color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
-  z = 2,
-}
-
-local hex_text = ui.text{
-  pos = {2, 150},
-  size = 16,
-  color = {1, 1, 1, 1},
-  font = 0,
-  max_length = 16,
-  z = 2,
-}
-
--- 12 saved color slots in a 2-wide grid
-local slots = {}
-local slot_index = {}
-for i = 1, 12 do
-  local slot = ui.rect{
-    pos = {146 + ((i-1) % 2)*22, 2 + math.floor((i-1)/2)*22},
-    size = {20, 20},
-    color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
-    events = EVENT_BUTTON,
-    z = 1,
-  }
-  slots[i] = slot
-  slot_index[slot] = i
-end
-
-local state = {
-  hsv = {0, 0, 0},
-  rgb = {0, 0, 0, 1},
-  saved = {},
-  hex_string = "#000000FF",
-}
-for i = 1, 12 do state.saved[i] = {0, 0, 0, 0} end
-
-local function clamp01(x) return math.max(0, math.min(1, x)) end
-
-local function update_hex_string()
-  state.hex_string = string.format("#%02X%02X%02X%02X",
-      math.floor(state.rgb[1]*255 + 0.5),
-      math.floor(state.rgb[2]*255 + 0.5),
-      math.floor(state.rgb[3]*255 + 0.5),
-      math.floor(state.rgb[4]*255 + 0.5))
-  hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
-end
-
-local function sync_rgb_from_hsv()
-  state.rgb[1], state.rgb[2], state.rgb[3] =
-      ui.hsv_to_rgb(state.hsv[1], state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3])
-  update_hex_string()
-end
-
-local function sv_pick(s, v)
-  s = clamp01(s)
-  v = clamp01(v)
-  state.hsv[2] = s
-  state.hsv[3] = v
-
-  sv_select:set_pos(s*130 - 2, 130 - v*130 - 2)
-  for corner = 0, 3 do
-    sv_select:set_corner_color(corner, state.hsv[1], s, v, 1)
-  end
-  sv_outline:set_pos(s*130 - 3, 130 - v*130 - 3)
-
-  sync_rgb_from_hsv()
-end
-
-local function hue_set(h)
-  h = clamp01(h)
-  state.hsv[1] = h
-
-  for _, element in ipairs({sv_square, sv_select}) do
-    for corner = 0, 3 do
-      local _, s, v, a = element:corner_color(corner)
-      element:set_corner_color(corner, h, s, v, a)
-    end
-  end
-  hue_select:set_pos(134, 2 + h*130)
-
-  sync_rgb_from_hsv()
-end
-
-local function hex_string_highlight(value)
-  for corner = 0, 3 do
-    local r, g, _, _ = hex_area:corner_color(corner)
-    hex_area:set_corner_color(corner, r, g, value, value)
-  end
-end
-
-local function set_saved(index, color)
-  state.saved[index] = {color[1], color[2], color[3], color[4]}
-  local slot = slots[index]
-  for corner = 0, 3 do
-    local _, _, _, a = slot:corner_color(corner)
-    slot:set_corner_color(corner, color[1], color[2], color[3], a)
-  end
-end
-
--- Sync HSV+visuals from state.rgb; used after setting state.rgb directly.
-local function apply_state_rgb()
-  state.hsv[1], state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3] =
-      ui.rgb_to_hsv(state.rgb[1], state.rgb[2], state.rgb[3])
-  hue_set(state.hsv[1])
-  sv_pick(state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3])
-end
-
-local drag = {
-  [sv_square] = function(x, y) sv_pick(x, 1 - y) end,
-  [hue_bar] = function(x, y) hue_set(y) end,
-}
-
-function on_button(element, x, y, button, action, mods)
-  if drag[element] then
-    if action == PRESS and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
-      element:focus()
-      drag[element](x, y)
-    elseif action == RELEASE and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
-      ui.blur()
-    end
-    return true
-
-  elseif element == hex_area then
-    if action == PRESS and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
-      element:focus()
-      hex_string_highlight(1)
-    end
-    return true
-
-  elseif slot_index[element] then
-    local index = slot_index[element]
-    if action == PRESS then
-      if button == MOUSE_LEFT then
-        local saved = state.saved[index]
-        state.rgb = {saved[1], saved[2], saved[3], saved[4]}
-        apply_state_rgb()
-      elseif button == MOUSE_RIGHT then
-        set_saved(index, state.rgb)
-      elseif button == MOUSE_MIDDLE then
-        set_saved(index, {0, 0, 0, 0})
-      end
-    end
-    return true
-  end
-
-  return false
-end
-
-function on_cursor(element, x, y)
-  for el, fn in pairs(drag) do
-    if el:is_focused() then
-      fn(x, y)
-      return true
-    end
-  end
-  return false
-end
-
-function on_scroll(element, x, y)
-  if element == hue_bar then
-    hue_set(state.hsv[1] + y*0.01)
-    return true
-  end
-  return false
-end
-
-function on_key(element, key, action, mods)
-  if element ~= hex_area then return false end
-
-  if action == PRESS then
-    if key == KEY_ESCAPE then
-      sync_rgb_from_hsv()
-      ui.blur()
-    elseif key == KEY_ENTER then
-      local s = state.hex_string
-      for i = 1, 4 do
-        state.rgb[i] = (tonumber(s:sub(2*i, 2*i + 1), 16) or 0) / 255
-      end
-      apply_state_rgb()
-      ui.blur()
-    elseif key == KEY_BACKSPACE then
-      if #state.hex_string > 1 then
-        state.hex_string = state.hex_string:sub(1, -2)
-        hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  return true
-end
-
-function on_text(element, codepoint)
-  if element ~= hex_area then return false end
-
-  if codepoint < 128 then
-    local ch = string.char(codepoint):upper()
-    if ch:match("[0-9A-F]") and #state.hex_string < 9 then
-      state.hex_string = state.hex_string .. ch
-      hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
-    end
-  end
-  return true
-end
-
-function on_deselect(element)
-  if element == hex_area then
-    hex_string_highlight(0)
-  end
-end
-
--- runs once at container load
-hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)

client/script/editor_mode.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+-- Mode-switch input handling: turns V/N/H/R/Escape presses into writes of
+-- the editor.mode property. Separate from editor_ui.lua, which only reacts
+-- to that property and doesn't care what triggers it.
+
+local key_to_mode = {
+  [KEY_V] = "Vertex",
+  [KEY_N] = "Neighbor",
+  [KEY_H] = "Hex",
+  [KEY_R] = "Region",
+  [KEY_ESCAPE] = "None",
+}
+
+app.subscribe("engine.key", function(source, key, action, mods)
+  if action ~= PRESS then return end
+  local mode = key_to_mode[key]
+  if mode then app.set("editor.mode", mode) end
+end)

client/script/editor_ui.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+-- Editor UI controller. Loaded once at startup; owns the mode label
+-- (always present) and the color picker (created/destroyed with the mode),
+-- both driven by the editor.mode property. z controls stacking within an
+-- overlay; equal z means don't overlap.
+
+-- ============================== mode label ==============================
+
+local label_overlay = ui.create_overlay{anchor = ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT, size = {160, 40}}
+local label = ui.text{
+  pos = {0, 32},
+  size = 32,
+  color = {1, 1, 1, 1},
+  font = 0,
+  max_length = 8,
+  z = 0,
+}
+label:set_text(app.get("editor.mode") or "None")
+
+-- ============================== color picker =============================
+-- Elements/state are outer locals, assigned (not re-declared) each time
+-- open_picker() runs, so the shared on_button etc. below always see
+-- whichever picker is currently open.
+
+local picker_overlay = nil
+local bg, sv_square, hue_bar, sv_outline, sv_select
+local hex_area, hue_select, hex_text, slots, slot_index, drag
+local state
+
+local function clamp01(x) return math.max(0, math.min(1, x)) end
+
+local function update_hex_string()
+  state.hex_string = string.format("#%02X%02X%02X%02X",
+      math.floor(state.rgb[1]*255 + 0.5),
+      math.floor(state.rgb[2]*255 + 0.5),
+      math.floor(state.rgb[3]*255 + 0.5),
+      math.floor(state.rgb[4]*255 + 0.5))
+  hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
+  -- Publish for C and other overlays; only ever called with a complete
+  -- color, so editor.color never holds a half-typed hex string
+  app.set("editor.color", state.hex_string)
+end
+
+local function sync_rgb_from_hsv()
+  state.rgb[1], state.rgb[2], state.rgb[3] =
+      ui.hsv_to_rgb(state.hsv[1], state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3])
+  update_hex_string()
+end
+
+local function sv_pick(s, v)
+  s = clamp01(s)
+  v = clamp01(v)
+  state.hsv[2] = s
+  state.hsv[3] = v
+
+  sv_select:set_pos(s*130 - 2, 130 - v*130 - 2)
+  for corner = 0, 3 do
+    sv_select:set_corner_color(corner, state.hsv[1], s, v, 1)
+  end
+  sv_outline:set_pos(s*130 - 3, 130 - v*130 - 3)
+
+  sync_rgb_from_hsv()
+end
+
+local function hue_set(h)
+  h = clamp01(h)
+  state.hsv[1] = h
+
+  for _, element in ipairs({sv_square, sv_select}) do
+    for corner = 0, 3 do
+      local _, s, v, a = element:corner_color(corner)
+      element:set_corner_color(corner, h, s, v, a)
+    end
+  end
+  hue_select:set_pos(134, 2 + h*130)
+
+  sync_rgb_from_hsv()
+end
+
+local function hex_string_highlight(value)
+  for corner = 0, 3 do
+    local r, g, _, _ = hex_area:corner_color(corner)
+    hex_area:set_corner_color(corner, r, g, value, value)
+  end
+end
+
+local function set_saved(index, color)
+  state.saved[index] = {color[1], color[2], color[3], color[4]}
+  local slot = slots[index]
+  for corner = 0, 3 do
+    local _, _, _, a = slot:corner_color(corner)
+    slot:set_corner_color(corner, color[1], color[2], color[3], a)
+  end
+end
+
+-- Sync HSV+visuals from state.rgb; used after setting state.rgb directly.
+local function apply_state_rgb()
+  state.hsv[1], state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3] =
+      ui.rgb_to_hsv(state.rgb[1], state.rgb[2], state.rgb[3])
+  hue_set(state.hsv[1])
+  sv_pick(state.hsv[2], state.hsv[3])
+end
+
+local function open_picker()
+  if picker_overlay then return end
+  picker_overlay = ui.create_overlay{anchor = ANCHOR_BOTTOM_LEFT, size = {190, 150}}
+
+  bg = ui.rect{
+    pos = {0, 0},
+    size = {190, 150},
+    color = {0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.8},
+    z = 0,
+  }
+
+  sv_square = ui.rect{
+    type = RECT_HSV,
+    pos = {2, 2},
+    size = {130, 130},
+    colors = {{0, 0, 1, 1}, {0, 1, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 1, 0, 1}},
+    events = EVENT_BUTTON,
+    z = 1,
+  }
+
+  hue_bar = ui.rect{
+    type = RECT_HSV,
+    pos = {134, 2},
+    size = {10, 130},
+    colors = {{0, 1, 1, 1}, {0, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1}},
+    events = EVENT_BUTTON + EVENT_SCROLL,
+    z = 1,
+  }
+
+  sv_outline = ui.rect{
+    pos = {130-4, 130-4},
+    size = {7, 7},
+    color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
+    z = 2,
+  }
+
+  sv_select = ui.rect{
+    type = RECT_HSV,
+    pos = {130-3, 130-3},
+    size = {5, 5},
+    color = {1, 0, 0, 1},
+    z = 3,
+  }
+
+  hex_area = ui.rect{
+    pos = {20, 134},
+    size = {95, 15},
+    events = EVENT_BUTTON + EVENT_CURSOR,
+    z = 1,
+  }
+
+  hue_select = ui.rect{
+    pos = {134, 2},
+    size = {10, 1},
+    color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
+    z = 2,
+  }
+
+  hex_text = ui.text{
+    pos = {2, 150},
+    size = 16,
+    color = {1, 1, 1, 1},
+    font = 0,
+    max_length = 16,
+    z = 2,
+  }
+
+  -- 12 saved color slots in a 2-wide grid
+  slots = {}
+  slot_index = {}
+  for i = 1, 12 do
+    local slot = ui.rect{
+      pos = {146 + ((i-1) % 2)*22, 2 + math.floor((i-1)/2)*22},
+      size = {20, 20},
+      color = {0, 0, 0, 1},
+      events = EVENT_BUTTON,
+      z = 1,
+    }
+    slots[i] = slot
+    slot_index[slot] = i
+  end
+
+  state = {
+    hsv = {0, 0, 0},
+    rgb = {0, 0, 0, 1},
+    saved = {},
+    hex_string = "#000000FF",
+  }
+  for i = 1, 12 do state.saved[i] = {0, 0, 0, 0} end
+
+  drag = {
+    [sv_square] = function(x, y) sv_pick(x, 1 - y) end,
+    [hue_bar] = function(x, y) hue_set(y) end,
+  }
+
+  -- adopt the current published color so reopening the picker doesn't
+  -- reset the selection
+  local published = app.get("editor.color")
+  if published then
+    for i = 1, 4 do
+      state.rgb[i] = (tonumber(published:sub(2*i, 2*i + 1), 16) or 0) / 255
+    end
+  end
+  apply_state_rgb()
+end
+
+local function close_picker()
+  if not picker_overlay then return end
+  picker_overlay:destroy()
+  picker_overlay = nil
+  bg, sv_square, hue_bar, sv_outline, sv_select = nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+  hex_area, hue_select, hex_text, slots, slot_index, drag = nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+  state = nil
+end
+
+-- ============================== dispatch ================================
+-- label_overlay has no handlers; every handler below only ever fires for
+-- picker_overlay, but still checks since a shared script_env would call the
+-- same on_button etc. for any future overlay this script owns.
+
+function on_button(overlay, element, x, y, button, action, mods)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay then return false end
+
+  if drag[element] then
+    if action == PRESS and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
+      element:focus()
+      drag[element](x, y)
+    elseif action == RELEASE and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
+      ui.blur()
+    end
+    return true
+
+  elseif element == hex_area then
+    if action == PRESS and button == MOUSE_LEFT then
+      element:focus()
+      hex_string_highlight(1)
+    end
+    return true
+
+  elseif slot_index[element] then
+    local index = slot_index[element]
+    if action == PRESS then
+      if button == MOUSE_LEFT then
+        local saved = state.saved[index]
+        state.rgb = {saved[1], saved[2], saved[3], saved[4]}
+        apply_state_rgb()
+      elseif button == MOUSE_RIGHT then
+        set_saved(index, state.rgb)
+      elseif button == MOUSE_MIDDLE then
+        set_saved(index, {0, 0, 0, 0})
+      end
+    end
+    return true
+  end
+
+  return false
+end
+
+function on_cursor(overlay, element, x, y)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay then return false end
+
+  for el, fn in pairs(drag) do
+    if el:is_focused() then
+      fn(x, y)
+      return true
+    end
+  end
+  return false
+end
+
+function on_scroll(overlay, element, x, y)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay then return false end
+
+  if element == hue_bar then
+    hue_set(state.hsv[1] + y*0.01)
+    return true
+  end
+  return false
+end
+
+function on_key(overlay, element, key, action, mods)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay or element ~= hex_area then return false end
+
+  if action == PRESS then
+    if key == KEY_ESCAPE then
+      sync_rgb_from_hsv()
+      ui.blur()
+    elseif key == KEY_ENTER then
+      local s = state.hex_string
+      for i = 1, 4 do
+        state.rgb[i] = (tonumber(s:sub(2*i, 2*i + 1), 16) or 0) / 255
+      end
+      apply_state_rgb()
+      ui.blur()
+    elseif key == KEY_BACKSPACE then
+      if #state.hex_string > 1 then
+        state.hex_string = state.hex_string:sub(1, -2)
+        hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  return true
+end
+
+function on_text(overlay, element, codepoint)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay or element ~= hex_area then return false end
+
+  if codepoint < 128 then
+    local ch = string.char(codepoint):upper()
+    if ch:match("[0-9A-F]") and #state.hex_string < 9 then
+      state.hex_string = state.hex_string .. ch
+      hex_text:set_text(state.hex_string)
+    end
+  end
+  return true
+end
+
+function on_deselect(overlay, element)
+  if overlay ~= picker_overlay then return end
+  if element == hex_area then
+    hex_string_highlight(0)
+  end
+end
+
+-- ============================== mode tracking ============================
+
+app.subscribe("engine.changed.editor.mode", function(source, mode)
+  label:set_text(mode)
+  if mode == "Vertex" or mode == "Neighbor" or mode == "Hex" then
+    open_picker()
+  else
+    close_picker()
+  end
+end)

client/script/mode_string.lua

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
--- Mode indicator label; the editor calls set_mode() on mode changes
-
-local label = ui.text{
-  pos = {0, 32},
-  size = 32,
-  color = {1, 1, 1, 1},
-  font = 0,
-  max_length = 8,
-  z = 0,
-}
-
-function set_mode(name)
-  label:set_text(name)
-end
-
-set_mode("None")

client/shader/camera_common.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+layout(std430, buffer_reference) readonly buffer Camera {
+  mat4 proj;
+  mat4 view;
+};

client/shader/hex.vert

@@ -55,5 +55,5 @@ void main() {
   }
 
   color = int2color(region.hexes[hex_index].colors[indices[gl_VertexIndex]]);
-  gl_Position = pc.context.proj * pc.context.view * position;
+  gl_Position = pc.camera.proj * pc.camera.view * position;
 }

client/shader/hex_common.glsl

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include "camera_common.glsl"
+
 struct Hex {
   float heights[6];
   uint  colors[7];
@@ -46,8 +48,6 @@ layout(std430, buffer_reference) readonly buffer RayList {
 };
 
 layout(std430, buffer_reference) readonly buffer HexContext {
-  mat4 proj;
-  mat4 view;
   uint current_map;
   RayList rays;
   PointList points;
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ layout(std430, buffer_reference) readonly buffer HexContext {
 
 layout(std430, push_constant) uniform PushConstant {
   HexContext context;
+  Camera camera;
   float time;
 } pc;
 

client/shader/hex_highlight.vert

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ void main() {
 
     position.y += raise;
 
-    gl_Position = pc.context.proj * pc.context.view * position;
+    gl_Position = pc.camera.proj * pc.camera.view * position;
   } else {
     gl_Position = vec4(0, 0, 0, 0);
     color = vec4(0, 0, 0, 0);

client/shader/point.vert

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void main() {
 
     position.y = region.hexes[hex_index].heights[vertex_index-1] + region.y + raise;
 
-    gl_Position = pc.context.proj * pc.context.view * position;
+    gl_Position = pc.camera.proj * pc.camera.view * position;
   } else {
     gl_Position = vec4(0, 0, 0, 0);
     color = vec4(0, 0, 0, 0);

client/shader/ray.vert

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ layout(location = 0) flat out vec4 color;
 
 void main() {
   if(gl_VertexIndex == 0) {
-    gl_Position = pc.context.proj * pc.context.view * pc.context.rays.r[gl_InstanceIndex].start;
+    gl_Position = pc.camera.proj * pc.camera.view * pc.context.rays.r[gl_InstanceIndex].start;
   } else {
-    gl_Position = pc.context.proj * pc.context.view * pc.context.rays.r[gl_InstanceIndex].end;
+    gl_Position = pc.camera.proj * pc.camera.view * pc.context.rays.r[gl_InstanceIndex].end;
   }
   color = pc.context.rays.r[gl_InstanceIndex].color;
 }

client/src/camera.c

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include "camera.h"
+#include "ui.h"
+
+#include <cglm/cam.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+static vec3 up = {0, 1, 0};
+
+VkResult create_camera(RenderContext* gpu, Camera* camera) {
+  VkResult result;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
+    VK_RESULT(create_storage_buffer(
+          gpu->allocator,
+          0,
+          sizeof(GPUCamera),
+          &camera->gpu_buffer[i],
+          &camera->gpu_buffer_memory[i]));
+    camera->gpu_address[i] = buffer_address(gpu->device, camera->gpu_buffer[i]);
+  }
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void camera_update_view(Camera* camera) {
+  vec3 eye = {};
+  eye[0] = camera->position[0] + camera->distance*cos(camera->rotation[1])*cos(camera->rotation[0]);
+  eye[1] = camera->position[1] + camera->distance*sin(camera->rotation[1]);
+  eye[2] = camera->position[2] + camera->distance*cos(camera->rotation[1])*sin(camera->rotation[0]);
+
+  glm_lookat(eye, camera->position, up, camera->view);
+}
+
+void camera_update_proj(Camera* camera, float aspect) {
+  glm_perspective(
+      PERSPECTIVE_FOVY,
+      aspect,
+      PERSPECTIVE_NEARZ,
+      PERSPECTIVE_FARZ,
+      camera->proj);
+}
+
+VkResult camera_sync_gpu(Camera* camera, RenderContext* gpu) {
+  GPUCamera data;
+  glm_mat4_copy(camera->proj, data.proj);
+  glm_mat4_copy(camera->view, data.view);
+  return add_transfers(&data, camera->gpu_buffer, 0, sizeof(GPUCamera), gpu);
+}
+
+VkResult camera_init_texture_target(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    Camera* camera,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height) {
+  VkResult result;
+
+  camera->texture.width = width;
+  camera->texture.height = height;
+
+  VkExtent2D extent = {width, height};
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
+    VK_RESULT(create_render_target_texture(gpu, ui, width, height, &camera->texture.texture_slot[i]));
+    VK_RESULT(create_depth_image(
+          gpu->device,
+          gpu->depth_format,
+          extent,
+          gpu->allocator,
+          gpu->extra_graphics_pool,
+          gpu->graphics_queue,
+          &camera->texture.depth_image[i],
+          &camera->texture.depth_image_memory[i],
+          &camera->texture.depth_image_view[i]));
+  }
+
+  camera->has_texture_target = true;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void camera_destroy_texture_target(RenderContext* gpu, UIContext* ui, Camera* camera) {
+  (void)ui;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
+    vkDestroyImageView(gpu->device, camera->texture.depth_image_view[i], NULL);
+    vmaDestroyImage(gpu->allocator, camera->texture.depth_image[i], camera->texture.depth_image_memory[i]);
+  }
+  camera->has_texture_target = false;
+}

client/src/draw.c

@@ -2,27 +2,10 @@
 #include "hex.h"
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
 
-void record_ui_draw(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, UIContext* ui_context, double time, uint32_t frame) {
+void record_hex_draw(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, HexContext* hex, VkDeviceAddress camera_address, double time, uint32_t frame) {
-  UIPushConstant push = {
-    .time = (float)time,
-  };
-
-  vkCmdBindPipeline(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui_context->pipeline.pipeline);
-  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui_context->pipeline.layout, 0, 1, &ui_context->font_samplers, 0, NULL);
-  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui_context->pipeline.layout, 1, 1, &ui_context->font_textures, 0, NULL);
-  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui_context->pipeline.layout, 2, 1, &ui_context->samplers, 0, NULL);
-  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui_context->pipeline.layout, 3, 1, &ui_context->textures, 0, NULL);
-  for(uint32_t o = 0; o < ui_context->container_order_count; o++) {
-    Container* c = &ui_context->containers[ui_context->container_order[o]];
-    push.container = c->address[frame];
-    vkCmdPushConstants(command_buffer, ui_context->pipeline.layout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, 16, &push);
-    vkCmdDrawIndirect(command_buffer, c->container[frame], offsetof(GPUContainer, draw), 1, 0);
-  }
-}
-
-void record_hex_draw(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, HexContext* hex, double time, uint32_t frame) {
   HexPushConstant push = {
     .context = hex->address[frame],
+    .camera = camera_address,
     .time = (float)time,
   };
 
@@ -41,6 +24,69 @@ void record_hex_draw(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, HexContext* hex, double tim
   vkCmdDraw(command_buffer, 2, 2, 0, 0);
 }
 
+static void bind_ui_pipeline(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, UIContext* ui) {
+  vkCmdBindPipeline(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.pipeline);
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.layout, 0, 1, &ui->font_samplers, 0, NULL);
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.layout, 1, 1, &ui->font_textures, 0, NULL);
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.layout, 2, 1, &ui->samplers, 0, NULL);
+  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.layout, 3, 1, &ui->textures, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+// Single pass over container_order (back to front, same z-order UI has
+// always used): a container with a camera attached renders that camera's
+// hex scene scissored to its own region first, then every container
+// (camera-attached or not) draws its normal 2D drawables via the UI
+// pipeline on top - see draw_frame's single unified rendering scope, which
+// is what makes interleaving these two pipelines per-container possible
+// without a barrier between them.
+void record_container_draw(
+    VkCommandBuffer command_buffer,
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    HexContext* hex,
+    VkViewport full_viewport,
+    VkRect2D full_scissor,
+    double time,
+    uint32_t frame) {
+  UIPushConstant push = {
+    .time = (float)time,
+  };
+
+  bind_ui_pipeline(command_buffer, ui);
+
+  for(uint32_t o = 0; o < ui->container_order_count; o++) {
+    Container* c = &ui->containers[ui->container_order[o]];
+
+    if(c->camera != NULL) {
+      VkRect2D rect;
+      container_screen_rect(gpu, c, &rect);
+      VkViewport camera_viewport = {
+        .x = (float)rect.offset.x,
+        .y = (float)rect.offset.y,
+        .width = (float)rect.extent.width,
+        .height = (float)rect.extent.height,
+        .minDepth = 0.0f,
+        .maxDepth = 1.0f,
+      };
+      vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &camera_viewport);
+      vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &rect);
+
+      record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, c->camera->gpu_address[frame], time, frame);
+
+      // record_hex_draw left a hex pipeline bound (a different bind point
+      // state) and the viewport/scissor scoped to this container - restore
+      // both before this (or the next) container's UI drawables.
+      vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &full_viewport);
+      vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &full_scissor);
+      bind_ui_pipeline(command_buffer, ui);
+    }
+
+    push.container = c->address[frame];
+    vkCmdPushConstants(command_buffer, ui->pipeline.layout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, 16, &push);
+    vkCmdDrawIndirect(command_buffer, c->container[frame], offsetof(GPUContainer, draw), 1, 0);
+  }
+}
+
 void record_ui_compute(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, UIContext* ui, uint32_t frame) {
   UIPushConstant push = {
     .time = 0.0,
@@ -61,6 +107,7 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     RenderContext* context,
     UIContext* ui,
     HexContext* hex,
+    Camera* offscreen_camera,
     double time) {
   VkResult result;
 
@@ -170,26 +217,35 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
   VK_RESULT(vkResetCommandBuffer(command_buffer, 0));
   VK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(command_buffer, &begin_info));
 
-  VkViewport viewport = {
-    .width = context->swapchain_extent.width,
-    .height = context->swapchain_extent.height,
-    .maxDepth = 1.0f,
-    .minDepth = 0.0f,
-  };
-  vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
-
-  VkRect2D scissor = {
-    .extent = context->swapchain_extent,
-  };
-  vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
-
   VkImageSubresourceRange color_range = {
     .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
     .levelCount = 1,
     .layerCount = 1,
   };
 
-  VkImageMemoryBarrier acquire_barrier = {
+  // Targets a different image entirely (not the swapchain), so this can run
+  // any time after the command buffer begins - independent of the acquire
+  // below. The read barrier at the end is the producer-before-consumer sync
+  // that makes the texture safe for the unified scene pass (or anything
+  // else) to sample later this same frame.
+  if(offscreen_camera != NULL) {
+    uint32_t f = context->current_frame;
+    Texture* target = &ui->texture_slots[offscreen_camera->texture.texture_slot[f]];
+
+    VkViewport offscreen_viewport = {
+      .width = (float)offscreen_camera->texture.width,
+      .height = (float)offscreen_camera->texture.height,
+      .maxDepth = 1.0f,
+      .minDepth = 0.0f,
+    };
+    vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &offscreen_viewport);
+
+    VkRect2D offscreen_scissor = {
+      .extent = {offscreen_camera->texture.width, offscreen_camera->texture.height},
+    };
+    vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &offscreen_scissor);
+
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier offscreen_acquire_barrier = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
       .srcAccessMask = 0,
       .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
@@ -197,47 +253,77 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
       .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
       .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
       .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-    .image = context->swapchain_images[image_index],
+      .image = target->image,
       .subresourceRange = color_range,
     };
     vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-      0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &acquire_barrier);
+        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &offscreen_acquire_barrier);
 
-  VkRenderingAttachmentInfo color_attachment = {
+    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo offscreen_color_attachment = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
-    .imageView = context->swapchain_image_views[image_index],
+      .imageView = target->view,
       .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
       .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
       .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE,
       .clearValue = {.color = {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}}},
     };
-  VkRenderingAttachmentInfo depth_attachment = {
+    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo offscreen_depth_attachment = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
-    .imageView = context->depth_image_view,
+      .imageView = offscreen_camera->texture.depth_image_view[f],
       .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
       .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
       .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE,
       .clearValue = {.depthStencil = {1.0f, 0}},
     };
-  VkRenderingInfo hex_rendering = {
+    VkRenderingInfo offscreen_rendering = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_INFO,
-    .renderArea = {{0, 0}, context->swapchain_extent},
+      .renderArea = {{0, 0}, offscreen_scissor.extent},
       .layerCount = 1,
       .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-    .pColorAttachments = &color_attachment,
+      .pColorAttachments = &offscreen_color_attachment,
-    .pDepthAttachment = &depth_attachment,
+      .pDepthAttachment = &offscreen_depth_attachment,
     };
-  vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &hex_rendering);
+    vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &offscreen_rendering);
-  record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, time, context->current_frame);
+    record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, offscreen_camera->gpu_address[f], time, f);
     vkCmdEndRendering(command_buffer);
 
-  VkImageMemoryBarrier mid_barrier = {
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier offscreen_read_barrier = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
       .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
-    .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+      .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
       .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+      .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+      .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+      .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+      .image = target->image,
+      .subresourceRange = color_range,
+    };
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer,
+        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
+        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &offscreen_read_barrier);
+  }
+
+  VkViewport viewport = {
+    .width = context->swapchain_extent.width,
+    .height = context->swapchain_extent.height,
+    .maxDepth = 1.0f,
+    .minDepth = 0.0f,
+  };
+  vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
+
+  VkRect2D scissor = {
+    .extent = context->swapchain_extent,
+  };
+  vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
+
+  VkImageMemoryBarrier acquire_barrier = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+    .srcAccessMask = 0,
+    .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
+    .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
     .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
     .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
     .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
@@ -245,26 +331,36 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     .subresourceRange = color_range,
   };
   vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer,
+      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
       VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+      0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &acquire_barrier);
-      0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &mid_barrier);
 
-  VkRenderingAttachmentInfo ui_color_attachment = {
+  VkRenderingAttachmentInfo color_attachment = {
     .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
     .imageView = context->swapchain_image_views[image_index],
     .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
-    .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD,
+    .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
     .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE,
+    .clearValue = {.color = {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}}},
   };
-  VkRenderingInfo ui_rendering = {
+  VkRenderingAttachmentInfo depth_attachment = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
+    .imageView = context->depth_image_view,
+    .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+    .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
+    .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE,
+    .clearValue = {.depthStencil = {1.0f, 0}},
+  };
+  VkRenderingInfo scene_rendering = {
     .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_INFO,
     .renderArea = {{0, 0}, context->swapchain_extent},
     .layerCount = 1,
     .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-    .pColorAttachments = &ui_color_attachment,
+    .pColorAttachments = &color_attachment,
+    .pDepthAttachment = &depth_attachment,
   };
-  vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &ui_rendering);
+  vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &scene_rendering);
-  record_ui_draw(command_buffer, ui, time, context->current_frame);
+  record_container_draw(command_buffer, context, ui, hex, viewport, scissor, time, context->current_frame);
   vkCmdEndRendering(command_buffer);
 
   VkImageMemoryBarrier present_barrier = {

client/src/editor.c

@@ -2,19 +2,29 @@
 #include "hex.h"
 #include "engine.h"
 #include "editor.h"
+#include "events.h"
 #include "ui_lua.h"
+#include "editor_lua.h"
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
 
 #include <math.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-
+#include <string.h>
-#define COLOR_PICK_CONTAINER_ID 0x02
-#define MODE_STRING_CONTAINER_ID 0x01
 
 #define SELECTION_HIGHLIGHT_OFFSET 0.05f
 #define SELECTION_POINT_SIZE       12.0f
 #define SELECTION_POINT_OFFSET     0.05f
 
+// Hover preview uses the last (reserved) highlight/point slot, a slightly
+// higher offset so it never z-fights with a selected element underneath,
+// and a translucent color that switches between "would add" and "would
+// remove" depending on whether the hovered element is already selected.
+#define HOVER_HIGHLIGHT_OFFSET 0.07f
+#define HOVER_POINT_SIZE       16.0f
+#define HOVER_POINT_OFFSET     0.07f
+#define HOVER_ADD_COLOR    {0.2f, 0.85f, 1.0f, 0.45f}
+#define HOVER_REMOVE_COLOR {1.0f, 0.2f,  0.2f, 0.55f}
+
 const char* ModeStrings[] = {
   "None",
   "Vertex",
@@ -93,58 +103,106 @@ uint32_t add_hex_region(ClientContext* context) {
   return i;
 }
 
-VkResult color_ui(ClientContext* context) {
+// Movement/spin keys are only ever seen by editor.c when no UI element has
-  if(context_container(COLOR_PICK_CONTAINER_ID, &context->ui) != NULL) {
+// focus (engine.c routes key events to the focused element first). If focus
-    return VK_SUCCESS;
+// is gained while a key is held, its release never reaches us and the
+// accumulator in move_cam/spin_cam is left stuck. Zeroing here every frame a
+// UI element is focused keeps the camera from drifting forever in that case.
+//
+// Integrates the editor's WASD/scroll control scheme into the engine-owned
+// context->camera. The orbital parameterization itself lives on Camera; this
+// is just the policy of how held input maps to changes in it, so a scripted
+// sequence or a different app could drive the same camera without any of
+// this accumulator machinery.
+void editor_frame_callback(ClientContext* context, double delta_time) {
+  EditorData* data = context->app_data;
+  Camera* camera = &context->camera;
+
+  // Which cameras/containers track the window size is app policy (engine.c
+  // only handles UI's own screen-space scale) - the main view is the one
+  // built-in camera, kept full-window in this pass (see
+  // cursor_to_world_ray's full-window assumption in hex.c).
+  if(context->render.framebuffer_recreated) {
+    data->main_container->data.size[0] = context->render.swapchain_extent.width / context->render.window_scale[0];
+    data->main_container->data.size[1] = context->render.swapchain_extent.height / context->render.window_scale[1];
+    add_transfers(
+        &data->main_container->data.size,
+        data->main_container->container,
+        offsetof(GPUContainer, size),
+        sizeof(vec2),
+        &context->render);
+
+    camera_update_proj(camera, (float)context->render.swapchain_extent.width/(float)context->render.swapchain_extent.height);
+    camera_sync_gpu(camera, &context->render);
+    update_hex_picking_inverse(camera, &context->hex);
   }
 
-  ContainerInput container = {
+  if(context->ui.active_container != NULL) {
-    .anchor = ANCHOR_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+    data->velocity[0] = 0;
-    .id = COLOR_PICK_CONTAINER_ID,
+    data->velocity[1] = 0;
-    .offset = {0, 0},
+    data->velocity[2] = 0;
-    .size = {190, 150},
+    data->spin[0] = 0;
-    .script_path = "script/color_picker.lua",
+    data->spin[1] = 0;
-  };
+  }
 
-  return load_container(&container, &context->render, &context->ui);
+  if(data->spin[0] != 0 || data->spin[1] != 0 ||
-}
+     data->velocity[0] != 0 || data->velocity[1] != 0 || data->velocity[2] != 0 ||
+     data->zoom != 0) {
 
-VkResult mode_string_ui(ClientContext* context) {
+    camera->rotation[0] += (float)data->spin[0]*delta_time*data->spin_speed;
-  ContainerInput container = {
+    if(camera->rotation[0] > 2*M_PI) {
-    .id = MODE_STRING_CONTAINER_ID,
+      camera->rotation[0] -= 2*M_PI;
-    .anchor = ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT,
+    } else if(camera->rotation[0] < 0) {
-    .size = {160, 40},
+      camera->rotation[0] += 2*M_PI;
-    .script_path = "script/mode_string.lua",
+    }
-  };
 
-  return load_container(&container, &context->render, &context->ui);
+    camera->rotation[1] += (float)data->spin[1]*delta_time*data->spin_speed;
-}
+    if(camera->rotation[1] > (M_PI/2 - 0.1)) {
+      camera->rotation[1] = (M_PI/2 - 0.1);
+    } else if(camera->rotation[1] < 0) {
+      camera->rotation[1] = 0;
+    }
 
-VkResult update_mode_string(ClientContext* context, EditorData* data) {
+    float move_x = data->velocity[0];
-  Container* container = context_container(MODE_STRING_CONTAINER_ID, &context->ui);
+    float move_z = data->velocity[2];
-  return ui_lua_call(&context->ui, &context->render, container, "set_mode", ModeStrings[data->mode]);
+    float move_mag = sqrt(move_x*move_x + move_z*move_z);
-}
+    if(move_mag > 1) {
+      move_x /= move_mag;
+      move_z /= move_mag;
+    }
 
-// Movement/spin keys are only ever seen by editor.c when no UI element has
+    camera->position[0] += - move_z*data->move_speed*cos(camera->rotation[0])
-// focus (engine.c routes key events to the focused element first). If focus
+                            - move_x*data->move_speed*sin(camera->rotation[0]);
-// is gained while a key is held, its release never reaches us and the
+
-// accumulator in move_cam/spin_cam is left stuck. Zeroing here every frame a
+    camera->position[2] += move_x*data->move_speed*cos(camera->rotation[0])
-// UI element is focused keeps the camera from drifting forever in that case.
+                            - move_z*data->move_speed*sin(camera->rotation[0]);
-void editor_frame_callback(ClientContext* context) {
+
-  if(context->ui.active_container != NULL) {
+    camera->position[1] += data->velocity[1]*data->move_speed;
-    context->velocity[0] = 0;
+
-    context->velocity[1] = 0;
+    // data->zoom is a one-frame scroll impulse, not a held input like
-    context->velocity[2] = 0;
+    // spin/velocity, so it isn't scaled by delta_time.
-    context->spin[0] = 0;
+    camera->distance += data->zoom*data->zoom_speed;
-    context->spin[1] = 0;
+    if(camera->distance < 1) {
+      camera->distance = 1;
+    }
+
+    camera_update_view(camera);
+    camera_sync_gpu(camera, &context->render);
+    update_hex_picking_inverse(camera, &context->hex);
   }
+
+  // Consumed above; reset after (not at the top, where it would wipe this
+  // frame's scroll_callback input, which fires during glfwPollEvents,
+  // before this callback runs).
+  data->zoom = 0;
 }
 
 void editor_key_callback(ClientContext* context, int key, int action, int mods) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < data->mode_key_counts[data->mode]; i++) {
+  EditorMode mode = current_mode(context);
-    if(data->mode_keys[data->mode][i].key == key) {
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < data->mode_key_counts[mode]; i++) {
-      data->mode_keys[data->mode][i].logic(data, context, &data->mode_keys[data->mode][i], action, mods);
+    if(data->mode_keys[mode][i].key == key) {
+      data->mode_keys[mode][i].logic(data, context, &data->mode_keys[mode][i], action, mods);
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -158,22 +216,23 @@ void editor_key_callback(ClientContext* context, int key, int action, int mods)
 }
 
 void spin_cam_key(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
-  (void)data;
+  (void)context;
   (void)mods;
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) context->spin[binding->axis] += binding->amount;
+  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) data->spin[binding->axis] += binding->amount;
-  else if(action == GLFW_RELEASE) context->spin[binding->axis] -= binding->amount;
+  else if(action == GLFW_RELEASE) data->spin[binding->axis] -= binding->amount;
 }
 
 void move_cam_key(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
-  (void)data;
+  (void)context;
   (void)mods;
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) context->velocity[binding->axis] += binding->amount;
+  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) data->velocity[binding->axis] += binding->amount;
-  else if(action == GLFW_RELEASE) context->velocity[binding->axis] -= binding->amount;
+  else if(action == GLFW_RELEASE) data->velocity[binding->axis] -= binding->amount;
 }
 
 void editor_scroll_callback(ClientContext* context, double x, double y) {
   (void)x;
-  context->zoom = (int32_t)y;
+  EditorData* data = context->app_data;
+  data->zoom = (int32_t)y;
 }
 
 void resize_selected(EditorData* data, unsigned int size) {
@@ -249,8 +308,10 @@ bool editor_pick(ClientContext* context, double cursor[2], uint32_t* rid, uint32
   return ray_world_intersect(&distance, vertex, rid, hid, start, end, edge_only, &context->hex);
 }
 
+// Selection uses all highlight/point slots except the last, which is
+// reserved for the hover preview (see refresh_hover_visuals).
 void sync_hex_highlights(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
-  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_HIGHLIGHTS; i++) {
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_HIGHLIGHTS - 1; i++) {
     if(i < data->selected_count) {
       GPUHighlight temp = {
         .color = {1.0f, 0.85f, 0.05f, 1.0f},
@@ -267,7 +328,7 @@ void sync_hex_highlights(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
 }
 
 void sync_vertex_points(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
-  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_POINTS; i++) {
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_POINTS - 1; i++) {
     if(i < data->selected_count) {
       GPUPoint temp = {
         .color = {1.0f, 0.85f, 0.05f, 1.0f},
@@ -285,87 +346,115 @@ void sync_vertex_points(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
   }
 }
 
-void refresh_selection_visuals(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
+// Writes (or disables) the reserved hover slot. Color depends on whether
-  sync_hex_highlights(data, context);
+// the hovered element is already selected, so a click's effect (add vs.
-  sync_vertex_points(data, context);
+// remove) is visible before the user commits to it.
-}
+void refresh_hover_visuals(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
+  EditorMode mode = current_mode(context);
+  uint32_t highlight_slot = MAX_HIGHLIGHTS - 1;
+  // In vertex mode the hex highlight is just spatial context for the
+  // hovered vertex, so it mirrors the vertex's own add/remove color rather
+  // than tracking hex selection (vertex mode doesn't select whole hexes).
+  if((mode == MODE_HEX || mode == MODE_VERTEX) && data->hover_valid) {
+    bool would_remove = (mode == MODE_HEX)
+      ? find_selected_hex(data, data->hover_region, data->hover_hex) != -1
+      : find_selected_vertex(data, data->hover_region, data->hover_hex, data->hover_vertex) != -1;
+    GPUHighlight temp;
+    if(would_remove) temp = (GPUHighlight){.color = HOVER_REMOVE_COLOR};
+    else temp = (GPUHighlight){.color = HOVER_ADD_COLOR};
+    temp.region = data->hover_region;
+    temp.hex = data->hover_hex;
+    temp.offset = HOVER_HIGHLIGHT_OFFSET;
+    add_transfers(&temp, context->hex.highlights, sizeof(GPUHighlight)*highlight_slot, sizeof(GPUHighlight), &context->render);
+  } else {
+    uint32_t disabled = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    add_transfers(&disabled, context->hex.highlights, sizeof(GPUHighlight)*highlight_slot + offsetof(GPUHighlight, hex), sizeof(uint32_t), &context->render);
+  }
 
-void clear_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
+  uint32_t point_slot = MAX_POINTS - 1;
-  (void)binding;
+  if(mode == MODE_VERTEX && data->hover_valid) {
-  (void)mods;
+    bool would_remove = find_selected_vertex(data, data->hover_region, data->hover_hex, data->hover_vertex) != -1;
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+    GPUPoint temp;
-    data->mode = MODE_NONE;
+    if(would_remove) temp = (GPUPoint){.color = HOVER_REMOVE_COLOR};
-    update_mode_string(context, data);
+    else temp = (GPUPoint){.color = HOVER_ADD_COLOR};
-    data->selected_count = 0;
+    temp.region = data->hover_region;
-    refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
+    temp.hex = data->hover_hex;
-    unload_container(COLOR_PICK_CONTAINER_ID, &context->render, &context->ui);
+    temp.vertex = data->hover_vertex;
+    temp.size = HOVER_POINT_SIZE;
+    temp.offset = HOVER_POINT_OFFSET;
+    add_transfers(&temp, context->hex.points, sizeof(GPUPoint)*point_slot, sizeof(GPUPoint), &context->render);
+  } else {
+    uint32_t disabled = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    add_transfers(&disabled, context->hex.points, sizeof(GPUPoint)*point_slot + offsetof(GPUPoint, hex), sizeof(uint32_t), &context->render);
   }
 }
 
-void enter_vertex_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
+void refresh_selection_visuals(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context) {
-  (void)binding;
+  sync_hex_highlights(data, context);
-  (void)mods;
+  sync_vertex_points(data, context);
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+  refresh_hover_visuals(data, context);
-    data->mode = MODE_VERTEX;
-    update_mode_string(context, data);
-    data->selected_count = 0;
-    refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
-    color_ui(context);
-  }
 }
 
-void enter_neighbor_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
+// editor.mode is the single source of truth (a property on the event bus);
-  (void)binding;
+// nothing stores a separate copy. Reads are synchronous and cheap (a strcmp
-  (void)mods;
+// loop over MODE_MAX_ENUM short strings) so there's nothing worth caching.
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+EditorMode current_mode(ClientContext* context) {
-    data->mode = MODE_NEIGHBOR;
+  const char* name = event_property(&context->events, "editor.mode")->value.string;
-    update_mode_string(context, data);
+  for(int i = 0; i < MODE_MAX_ENUM; i++) {
-    data->selected_count = 0;
+    if(strcmp(ModeStrings[i], name) == 0) return (EditorMode)i;
-    refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
-    color_ui(context);
   }
+  return MODE_NONE;
 }
 
-void enter_hex_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
+// The only C-side way to change modes; script/editor_mode.lua changes modes
-  (void)binding;
+// by writing the same property directly via app.set instead. Either path
-  (void)mods;
+// queues engine.changed.editor.mode, which on_mode_changed below reacts to
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+// uniformly regardless of which path triggered it.
-    data->mode = MODE_HEX;
+void editor_set_mode(ClientContext* context, EditorMode mode) {
-    update_mode_string(context, data);
+  event_property_set_string(&context->events, "editor.mode", ModeStrings[mode], EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE);
-    data->selected_count = 0;
-    refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
-    color_ui(context);
-  }
 }
 
-void enter_region_mode(EditorData* data, ClientContext* context, ModeKey* binding, int action, int mods) {
+// Selection/hover don't carry across modes; this is the only place that
-  (void)binding;
+// resets them, so it runs the same whether the mode change came from C or
-  (void)mods;
+// from a script's app.set.
-  if(action == GLFW_PRESS) {
+static void on_mode_changed(void* userdata, const char* event, uint32_t source, lua_State* L, int args) {
-    data->mode = MODE_REGION;
+  (void)event;
-    update_mode_string(context, data);
+  (void)source;
+  (void)L;
+  (void)args;
+  ClientContext* context = userdata;
+  EditorData* data = context->app_data;
   data->selected_count = 0;
+  data->hover_valid = false;
   refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
-    unload_container(COLOR_PICK_CONTAINER_ID, &context->render, &context->ui);
-  }
 }
 
 void editor_button_callback(ClientContext* context, float x, float y, int button, int action, int mods) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
+  EditorMode mode = current_mode(context);
 
   if(button != GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT || action != GLFW_PRESS) return;
-  if(data->mode != MODE_VERTEX && data->mode != MODE_HEX) return;
+  if(mode != MODE_VERTEX && mode != MODE_HEX) return;
-
+
+  uint32_t rid, hid, v;
+  if(data->hover_valid) {
+    // editor_cursor_callback already raycast this exact spot for the hover
+    // preview; the cursor can't have moved between that and this click, so
+    // reuse it instead of raycasting again.
+    rid = data->hover_region;
+    hid = data->hover_hex;
+    v = data->hover_vertex;
+  } else {
     double cursor[2] = {x, y};
-  uint32_t rid, hid, vertex;
+    uint32_t vertex;
     // Vertex mode requests edge-only picking so a click always resolves to a
     // real, editable vertex instead of frequently landing on the hex center
     // (vertex 0) and giving no feedback.
-  bool hit = editor_pick(context, cursor, &rid, &hid, &vertex, data->mode == MODE_VERTEX);
+    if(!editor_pick(context, cursor, &rid, &hid, &vertex, mode == MODE_VERTEX)) return;
-  if(!hit) return;
+    v = (mode == MODE_VERTEX) ? vertex : 0;
+  }
 
-  uint32_t v = (data->mode == MODE_VERTEX) ? vertex : 0;
+  int32_t idx = (mode == MODE_VERTEX)
-  int32_t idx = (data->mode == MODE_VERTEX)
     ? find_selected_vertex(data, rid, hid, v)
     : find_selected_hex(data, rid, hid);
 
@@ -381,8 +470,91 @@ void editor_button_callback(ClientContext* context, float x, float y, int button
   refresh_selection_visuals(data, context);
 }
 
+void editor_cursor_callback(ClientContext* context, float x, float y) {
+  EditorData* data = context->app_data;
+  EditorMode mode = current_mode(context);
+
+  if(mode != MODE_VERTEX && mode != MODE_HEX) {
+    if(data->hover_valid) {
+      data->hover_valid = false;
+      refresh_hover_visuals(data, context);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  double cursor[2] = {x, y};
+  uint32_t rid, hid, vertex;
+  bool hit = editor_pick(context, cursor, &rid, &hid, &vertex, mode == MODE_VERTEX);
+  uint32_t v = (mode == MODE_VERTEX) ? vertex : 0;
+
+  // Skip the GPU write unless the hovered element actually changed; cursor
+  // motion fires far more often than the hover target changes.
+  bool changed = hit != data->hover_valid
+    || (hit && (data->hover_region != rid || data->hover_hex != hid
+      || (mode == MODE_VERTEX && data->hover_vertex != v)));
+  if(!changed) return;
+
+  data->hover_valid = hit;
+  if(hit) {
+    data->hover_region = rid;
+    data->hover_hex = hid;
+    data->hover_vertex = v;
+  }
+  refresh_hover_visuals(data, context);
+}
+
 void editor_startup(ClientContext* context) {
-  mode_string_ui(context);
+  EditorData* data = context->app_data;
+
+  editor_lua_register(context->ui.lua, context);
+
+  // Application state surface visible to scripts; registered before any
+  // container loads so app.get sees the initial values
+  event_property_register(&context->events, "editor.mode", PROPERTY_STRING);
+  event_property_register(&context->events, "editor.color", PROPERTY_STRING);
+  event_property_set_string(&context->events, "editor.mode", ModeStrings[MODE_NONE], EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE);
+  event_property_set_string(&context->events, "editor.color", "#000000FF", EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE);
+
+  // Registered before any script loads so it's guaranteed to see mode
+  // changes editor_mode.lua triggers, ahead of editor_ui.lua's own reaction
+  event_subscribe(&context->events, "engine.changed.editor.mode", on_mode_changed, context);
+
+  // Controller script: owns the mode label and the color picker overlay,
+  // both driven entirely by the editor.mode property from here on
+  ui_lua_run_script(context->ui.lua, &context->ui, &context->render, "script/editor_ui.lua");
+  // Input->state-machine trigger: writes editor.mode on V/N/H/R/Escape
+  ui_lua_run_script(context->ui.lua, &context->ui, &context->render, "script/editor_mode.lua");
+
+  // Main 3D view: a full-window container hosting the interactive camera,
+  // same as every other overlay - see container_set_camera (ui.h). Screen-
+  // region targeting lives on the container, not the camera, so this is
+  // the only place that needs to know the camera renders full-window.
+  ContainerInput main_view = {
+    .id = ui_alloc_container_id(&context->ui),
+    .anchor = ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT,
+    .offset = {0, 0},
+    .size = {
+      context->render.swapchain_extent.width / context->render.window_scale[0],
+      context->render.swapchain_extent.height / context->render.window_scale[1],
+    },
+  };
+  load_container(&main_view, &context->render, &context->ui);
+  data->main_container = context_container(main_view.id, &context->ui);
+  container_set_camera(data->main_container, &context->camera);
+
+  // The editor sets the camera's initial values and computes its first
+  // view/projection here; editor_frame_callback only recomputes them when
+  // spin/velocity/zoom (or a resize) happen, so without this the initial
+  // view stays whatever ClientContext's zero-init left it as until the
+  // camera is first moved.
+  context->camera.rotation[0] = 3*M_PI/2;
+  context->camera.rotation[1] = M_PI/4;
+  context->camera.distance = 25;
+  camera_update_view(&context->camera);
+  camera_update_proj(&context->camera, (float)context->render.swapchain_extent.width/(float)context->render.swapchain_extent.height);
+  camera_sync_gpu(&context->camera, &context->render);
+  update_hex_picking_inverse(&context->camera, &context->hex);
+
   // TODO: Remove when region mode is implemented
   add_hex_region(context);
 }
@@ -392,32 +564,30 @@ EditorData* create_editor_data(void) {
   memset(data, 0, sizeof(EditorData));
   data->selected_count = 0;
   resize_selected(data, 1);
+  data->spin_speed = 1.0;
+  data->zoom_speed = 0.5;
+  data->move_speed = 0.1;
 
-  data->mode_key_counts[MODE_NONE] = 15;
+  // Mode-switch keys (Escape/V/N/H/R) moved to script/editor_mode.lua,
+  // triggered by the engine.key event instead of this table
+  data->mode_key_counts[MODE_NONE] = 10;
   for(int i = 0; i < MODE_MAX_ENUM; i++) {
     data->mode_keys[i] = malloc(sizeof(ModeKey)*data->mode_key_counts[i]);
   }
 
-  // Mode Switches
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][0] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE, clear_mode, 0, 0};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][1] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_V, enter_vertex_mode, 0, 0};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][2] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_N, enter_neighbor_mode, 0, 0};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][3] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_H, enter_hex_mode, 0, 0};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][4] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_R, enter_region_mode, 0, 0};
-
   // Camera Movement (axis: 0 = strafe x, 1 = up/down, 2 = forward/back)
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][5]  = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_SPACE,      move_cam_key, 1,  1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][0] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_SPACE,      move_cam_key, 1,  1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][6]  = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_LEFT_SHIFT, move_cam_key, 1, -1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][1] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_LEFT_SHIFT, move_cam_key, 1, -1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][7]  = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_LEFT,       move_cam_key, 0, -1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][2] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_LEFT,       move_cam_key, 0, -1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][8]  = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_RIGHT,      move_cam_key, 0,  1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][3] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_RIGHT,      move_cam_key, 0,  1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][9]  = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_UP,         move_cam_key, 2,  1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][4] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_UP,         move_cam_key, 2,  1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][10] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_DOWN,       move_cam_key, 2, -1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][5] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_DOWN,       move_cam_key, 2, -1};
 
   // Camera Spin (axis: 0 = yaw, 1 = pitch)
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][11] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_A, spin_cam_key, 0, -1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][6] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_A, spin_cam_key, 0, -1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][12] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_D, spin_cam_key, 0,  1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][7] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_D, spin_cam_key, 0,  1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][13] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_W, spin_cam_key, 1,  1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][8] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_W, spin_cam_key, 1,  1};
-  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][14] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_S, spin_cam_key, 1, -1};
+  data->mode_keys[MODE_NONE][9] = (ModeKey){GLFW_KEY_S, spin_cam_key, 1, -1};
 
   return data;
 }

client/src/editor_lua.c

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#include "editor_lua.h"
+
+#define EDITOR_LUA_CONTEXT "editor_context"
+
+// ClientContext lives once, heap-allocated for the process, never moves —
+// unlike ui_lua.c's per-dispatch container/gpu pointers, one registry slot
+// is enough here.
+static ClientContext* current_context(lua_State* L) {
+  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, EDITOR_LUA_CONTEXT);
+  ClientContext* context = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return context;
+}
+
+// Recomputes the camera's view and pushes it to the currently-rendered hex
+// scene. Not gated behind any per-frame check - a script-driven camera move
+// with no held input must be visible immediately.
+static void refresh_camera(ClientContext* context) {
+  camera_update_view(&context->camera);
+  camera_sync_gpu(&context->camera, &context->render);
+  update_hex_picking_inverse(&context->camera, &context->hex);
+}
+
+// camera.set_position(x, y, z)
+static int lua_camera_set_position(lua_State* L) {
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  context->camera.position[0] = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+  context->camera.position[1] = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
+  context->camera.position[2] = luaL_checknumber(L, 3);
+  refresh_camera(context);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// camera.get_position() -> x, y, z
+static int lua_camera_get_position(lua_State* L) {
+  Camera* camera = &current_context(L)->camera;
+  lua_pushnumber(L, camera->position[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, camera->position[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, camera->position[2]);
+  return 3;
+}
+
+// camera.set_rotation(yaw, pitch)
+static int lua_camera_set_rotation(lua_State* L) {
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  context->camera.rotation[0] = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+  context->camera.rotation[1] = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
+  refresh_camera(context);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// camera.get_rotation() -> yaw, pitch
+static int lua_camera_get_rotation(lua_State* L) {
+  Camera* camera = &current_context(L)->camera;
+  lua_pushnumber(L, camera->rotation[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, camera->rotation[1]);
+  return 2;
+}
+
+// camera.set_distance(d)
+static int lua_camera_set_distance(lua_State* L) {
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  context->camera.distance = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+  refresh_camera(context);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// camera.get_distance() -> d
+static int lua_camera_get_distance(lua_State* L) {
+  lua_pushnumber(L, current_context(L)->camera.distance);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+void editor_lua_register(lua_State* L, ClientContext* context) {
+  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, context);
+  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, EDITOR_LUA_CONTEXT);
+
+  static const luaL_Reg camera_funcs[] = {
+    {"set_position", lua_camera_set_position},
+    {"get_position", lua_camera_get_position},
+    {"set_rotation", lua_camera_set_rotation},
+    {"get_rotation", lua_camera_get_rotation},
+    {"set_distance", lua_camera_set_distance},
+    {"get_distance", lua_camera_get_distance},
+    {NULL, NULL},
+  };
+  luaL_newlib(L, camera_funcs);
+  lua_setglobal(L, "camera");
+}

client/src/editor_main.c

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 
 int main() {
   EditorData* data = create_editor_data();
-  return run_app(data, editor_startup, editor_frame_callback, NULL, editor_key_callback, editor_button_callback, editor_scroll_callback, NULL);
+  return run_app(data, editor_startup, editor_frame_callback, NULL, editor_key_callback, editor_button_callback, editor_scroll_callback, editor_cursor_callback);
 }

client/src/engine.c

@@ -31,6 +31,13 @@ void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mod
     context->ui.active_element,
     key, action, mods)) return;
 
+  // Global visibility for scripts: fire-and-forget, doesn't consume or
+  // otherwise affect app_key's handling below
+  lua_pushinteger(context->ui.lua, key);
+  lua_pushinteger(context->ui.lua, action);
+  lua_pushinteger(context->ui.lua, mods);
+  event_emit(&context->events, "engine.key", EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE, 3);
+
   if(context->app_key != NULL) context->app_key(context, key, action, mods);
 }
 
@@ -179,78 +186,28 @@ void cursor_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos) {
 int app_main(ClientContext* context) {
   VkResult result;
 
-  //
   double last_frame_time = 0;
   while(glfwWindowShouldClose(context->window) == 0) {
     double frame_time = glfwGetTime();
     double delta_time = (frame_time - last_frame_time);
 
-    // Reset callback variables
-    context->zoom = 0;
-
     glfwPollEvents();
-    if(context->app_frame != NULL) context->app_frame(context);
+    if(context->app_frame != NULL) context->app_frame(context, delta_time);
-
-    if((context->spin[0] != 0 || context->spin[1] != 0 ||
-       context->velocity[0] != 0 || context->velocity[1] != 0 || context->velocity[2] != 0 ||
-       context->zoom != 0 ||
-       context->render.framebuffer_recreated == true)) {
 
+    // Sole drain point: events queued by input callbacks, scripts, or the
+    // frame callback all dispatch here, before this frame is drawn
+    event_bus_drain(&context->events, &context->ui, &context->render, delta_time);
 
+    // Resize handling here is limited to the UI system's own screen-space
+    // scale, which every container needs regardless of app. Which cameras/
+    // containers track the window size (and how) is app policy - see
+    // editor_frame_callback's own resize check for the main view.
     if(context->render.framebuffer_recreated == true) {
       context->render.framebuffer_recreated = false;
-        VK_RESULT(update_hex_proj(&context->render, &context->hex));
       VK_RESULT(update_ui_context_resolution(&context->ui, &context->render));
     }
 
-      context->rotation[0] += (float)context->spin[0]*delta_time*context->spin_speed; 
+    VkResult result = draw_frame(&context->render, &context->ui, &context->hex, context->offscreen_camera, frame_time);
-      if(context->rotation[0] > 2*M_PI) {
-        context->rotation[0] -= 2*M_PI;
-      } else if(context->rotation[0] < 0) {
-        context->rotation[0] += 2*M_PI;
-      }
-
-      context->rotation[1] += (float)context->spin[1]*delta_time*context->spin_speed;
-      if(context->rotation[1] > (M_PI/2 - 0.1)) {
-        context->rotation[1] = (M_PI/2 - 0.1);
-      } else if(context->rotation[1] < 0) {
-        context->rotation[1] = 0;
-      }
-
-      float move_x = context->velocity[0];
-      float move_z = context->velocity[2];
-      float move_mag = sqrt(move_x*move_x + move_z*move_z);
-      if(move_mag > 1) {
-        move_x /= move_mag;
-        move_z /= move_mag;
-      }
-
-      context->position[0] += - move_z*context->move_speed*cos(context->rotation[0])
-                            - move_x*context->move_speed*sin(context->rotation[0]);
-
-      context->position[2] += move_x*context->move_speed*cos(context->rotation[0])
-                            - move_z*context->move_speed*sin(context->rotation[0]);
-
-      context->position[1] += context->velocity[1]*context->move_speed;
-
-      // context->zoom is a one-frame scroll impulse (reset to 0 each frame,
-      // above), not a held input like spin/velocity, so it isn't scaled by
-      // delta_time.
-      context->distance += context->zoom*context->zoom_speed;
-      if(context->distance < 1) {
-        context->distance = 1;
-      }
-
-      VK_RESULT(update_hex_view(
-            context->position,
-            context->rotation,
-            context->distance,
-            &context->render,
-            &context->hex));
-    }
-    //
-
-    VkResult result = draw_frame(&context->render, &context->ui, &context->hex, frame_time);
     if(result != VK_SUCCESS) {
       fprintf(stderr, "draw_frame error: %s\n", string_VkResult(result));
       glfwDestroyWindow(context->window);
@@ -281,13 +238,6 @@ int run_app(
   bool visible = getenv("ROLEPLAY_HEADLESS_TEST") == NULL;
   context->window = init_window(visible);
 
-  context->rotation[0] = 3*M_PI/2;
-  context->rotation[1] = M_PI/4;
-  context->distance = 25;
-  context->spin_speed = 1.0;
-  context->zoom_speed = 0.5;
-  context->move_speed = 0.1;
- 
   memset(&context->render, 0, sizeof(RenderContext));
   memset(&context->ui, 0, sizeof(UIContext));
   memset(&context->hex, 0, sizeof(HexContext));
@@ -312,6 +262,9 @@ int run_app(
   // TODO: make # of fonts/textures/containers scaling, recreate GPU buffers as necessary
   if(create_ui_context(10, 10, 10, &context->render, &context->ui) != VK_SUCCESS) return -3;
   if(create_hex_context(&context->render, &context->hex) != VK_SUCCESS) return -4;
+  if(create_camera(&context->render, &context->camera) != VK_SUCCESS) return -6;
+  if(event_bus_init(&context->events, context->ui.lua) != VK_SUCCESS) return -5;
+  context->ui.events = &context->events;
 
   if(app_startup != NULL) app_startup(context);
 

client/src/events.c

@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+#include "events.h"
+#include "ui_lua.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define EVENT_LUA_BUS "event_bus"
+
+static EventBus* lua_bus(lua_State* L) {
+  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, EVENT_LUA_BUS);
+  EventBus* bus = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return bus;
+}
+
+static VkResult grow(void** array, uint32_t count, uint32_t* cap, size_t stride) {
+  if(count < *cap) return VK_SUCCESS;
+  uint32_t new_cap = (*cap == 0) ? 8 : (*cap)*2;
+  void* grown = realloc(*array, new_cap*stride);
+  if(grown == NULL) return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY;
+  *array = grown;
+  *cap = new_cap;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// ---------- queue ----------
+
+VkResult event_emit(EventBus* bus, const char* name, uint32_t source, int nargs) {
+  lua_State* L = bus->L;
+
+  VkResult result = grow((void**)&bus->queue, bus->queue_count, &bus->queue_cap, sizeof(QueuedEvent));
+  if(result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    lua_pop(L, nargs);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Pack the nargs stack values into a table.pack-style {1..n, n=n} table
+  lua_createtable(L, nargs, 1);
+  lua_insert(L, -(nargs + 1));
+  for(int i = nargs; i >= 1; i--) {
+    lua_rawseti(L, -(i + 1), i);
+  }
+  lua_pushinteger(L, nargs);
+  lua_setfield(L, -2, "n");
+
+  QueuedEvent* ev = &bus->queue[bus->queue_count];
+  ev->args_ref = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+  ev->source = source;
+  ev->name = strdup(name);
+  if(ev->name == NULL) {
+    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, ev->args_ref);
+    return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY;
+  }
+  bus->queue_count += 1;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// ---------- subscriptions ----------
+
+static VkResult add_subscription(
+    EventBus* bus,
+    const char* name,
+    int script_env,
+    int lua_ref,
+    EventHandler handler,
+    void* userdata) {
+  VkResult result = grow((void**)&bus->subs, bus->sub_count, &bus->sub_cap, sizeof(EventSubscription));
+  if(result != VK_SUCCESS) return result;
+
+  EventSubscription* sub = &bus->subs[bus->sub_count];
+  sub->event = strdup(name);
+  if(sub->event == NULL) return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY;
+  sub->script_env = script_env;
+  sub->lua_ref = lua_ref;
+  sub->handler = handler;
+  sub->userdata = userdata;
+  sub->dead = 0;
+  bus->sub_count += 1;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult event_subscribe(EventBus* bus, const char* name, EventHandler handler, void* userdata) {
+  return add_subscription(bus, name, LUA_NOREF, LUA_NOREF, handler, userdata);
+}
+
+static void compact_subscriptions(EventBus* bus) {
+  uint32_t out = 0;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < bus->sub_count; i++) {
+    if(bus->subs[i].dead) continue;
+    bus->subs[out] = bus->subs[i];
+    out += 1;
+  }
+  bus->sub_count = out;
+}
+
+// ---------- drain ----------
+
+static void dispatch_to_lua(
+    EventBus* bus,
+    QueuedEvent* ev,
+    EventSubscription* sub,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    RenderContext* gpu) {
+  lua_State* L = bus->L;
+
+  lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, ev->args_ref);
+  int args_index = lua_gettop(L);
+  lua_getfield(L, args_index, "n");
+  int n = (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+
+  if(!lua_checkstack(L, n + 4)) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "event %s: args overflow lua stack\n", ev->name);
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // No specific overlay is "current" for a bus-fired handler; ui.rect/text
+  // require an explicit ui.create_overlay call first if one runs from here
+  ui_lua_set_current_script(L, sub->script_env);
+  ui_lua_set_current(L, NULL, ui, gpu);
+
+  lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, sub->lua_ref);
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ev->source);
+  for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+    lua_rawgeti(L, args_index, i);
+  }
+  lua_remove(L, args_index);
+
+  if(lua_pcall(L, 1 + n, 0, 0) != LUA_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "event %s: %s\n", ev->name, lua_tostring(L, -1));
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+  }
+}
+
+// sub_count is re-read every iteration: handlers may subscribe during the
+// dispatch, and late subscribers still receive the in-flight event
+static void dispatch_event(EventBus* bus, QueuedEvent* ev, UIContext* ui, RenderContext* gpu) {
+  lua_State* L = bus->L;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < bus->sub_count; i++) {
+    if(bus->subs[i].dead || strcmp(bus->subs[i].event, ev->name) != 0) continue;
+
+    if(bus->subs[i].handler != NULL) {
+      lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, ev->args_ref);
+      bus->subs[i].handler(bus->subs[i].userdata, ev->name, ev->source, L, lua_gettop(L));
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+    } else {
+      dispatch_to_lua(bus, ev, &bus->subs[i], ui, gpu);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void event_bus_drain(EventBus* bus, UIContext* ui, RenderContext* gpu, double delta_time) {
+  lua_State* L = bus->L;
+  bus->draining = true;
+
+  uint32_t head = 0;
+  uint32_t processed = 0;
+  while(head < bus->queue_count && processed < EVENT_DRAIN_MAX) {
+    // Copy: handlers can emit, which may realloc the queue
+    QueuedEvent ev = bus->queue[head];
+    head += 1;
+    processed += 1;
+
+    dispatch_event(bus, &ev, ui, gpu);
+
+    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, ev.args_ref);
+    free(ev.name);
+  }
+
+  if(head < bus->queue_count) {
+    fprintf(stderr,
+        "event_bus_drain: cap of %d hit, dropping %d events (handler cycle?)\n",
+        EVENT_DRAIN_MAX,
+        bus->queue_count - head);
+    for(uint32_t i = head; i < bus->queue_count; i++) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "  dropped: %s (source %u)\n", bus->queue[i].name, bus->queue[i].source);
+      luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, bus->queue[i].args_ref);
+      free(bus->queue[i].name);
+    }
+  }
+  bus->queue_count = 0;
+
+  // engine.frame runs after the queue is empty so its handlers see the frame
+  // fully settled; anything they emit lands in next frame's drain (the queue
+  // was just reset). Skipped entirely when nothing subscribes, to avoid
+  // per-frame table garbage.
+  bool frame_wanted = false;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < bus->sub_count; i++) {
+    if(!bus->subs[i].dead && strcmp(bus->subs[i].event, EVENT_FRAME) == 0) {
+      frame_wanted = true;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if(frame_wanted) {
+    lua_createtable(L, 1, 1);
+    lua_pushnumber(L, delta_time);
+    lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, 1);
+    lua_setfield(L, -2, "n");
+    QueuedEvent frame_ev = {
+      .name = (char*)EVENT_FRAME,
+      .source = EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE,
+      .args_ref = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX),
+    };
+    dispatch_event(bus, &frame_ev, ui, gpu);
+    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, frame_ev.args_ref);
+  }
+
+  bus->draining = false;
+  compact_subscriptions(bus);
+}
+
+// ---------- property registry ----------
+
+Property* event_property(EventBus* bus, const char* name) {
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < bus->property_count; i++) {
+    if(strcmp(bus->properties[i].name, name) == 0) return &bus->properties[i];
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+VkResult event_property_register(EventBus* bus, const char* name, PropertyType type) {
+  if(event_property(bus, name) != NULL) return VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT;
+
+  VkResult result = grow((void**)&bus->properties, bus->property_count, &bus->property_cap, sizeof(Property));
+  if(result != VK_SUCCESS) return result;
+
+  Property* p = &bus->properties[bus->property_count];
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(Property));
+  p->name = strdup(name);
+  if(p->name == NULL) return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY;
+  p->type = type;
+  bus->property_count += 1;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// The changed value is already on top of the Lua stack
+static VkResult emit_changed(EventBus* bus, Property* p, uint32_t source) {
+  char name[256];
+  int written = snprintf(name, sizeof(name), EVENT_CHANGED_PREFIX "%s", p->name);
+  if(written < 0 || (size_t)written >= sizeof(name)) {
+    lua_pop(bus->L, 1);
+    return VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT;
+  }
+  return event_emit(bus, name, source, 1);
+}
+
+VkResult event_property_set_number(EventBus* bus, const char* name, double value, uint32_t source) {
+  Property* p = event_property(bus, name);
+  if(p == NULL || p->type != PROPERTY_NUMBER) return VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT;
+  if(p->value.number == value) return VK_SUCCESS;
+
+  p->value.number = value;
+  lua_pushnumber(bus->L, value);
+  return emit_changed(bus, p, source);
+}
+
+VkResult event_property_set_string(EventBus* bus, const char* name, const char* value, uint32_t source) {
+  Property* p = event_property(bus, name);
+  if(p == NULL || p->type != PROPERTY_STRING || value == NULL) return VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT;
+  if(p->value.string != NULL && strcmp(p->value.string, value) == 0) return VK_SUCCESS;
+
+  char* copy = strdup(value);
+  if(copy == NULL) return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY;
+  free(p->value.string);
+  p->value.string = copy;
+  lua_pushstring(bus->L, value);
+  return emit_changed(bus, p, source);
+}
+
+VkResult event_property_set_bool(EventBus* bus, const char* name, bool value, uint32_t source) {
+  Property* p = event_property(bus, name);
+  if(p == NULL || p->type != PROPERTY_BOOL) return VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT;
+  if(p->value.boolean == value) return VK_SUCCESS;
+
+  p->value.boolean = value;
+  lua_pushboolean(bus->L, value);
+  return emit_changed(bus, p, source);
+}
+
+// ---------- C handler arg accessors ----------
+
+int event_arg_count(lua_State* L, int args_index) {
+  lua_getfield(L, args_index, "n");
+  int n = (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return n;
+}
+
+double event_arg_number(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i) {
+  lua_rawgeti(L, args_index, i);
+  double v = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return v;
+}
+
+bool event_arg_bool(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i) {
+  lua_rawgeti(L, args_index, i);
+  bool v = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return v;
+}
+
+const char* event_arg_string(lua_State* L, int args_index, int i) {
+  lua_rawgeti(L, args_index, i);
+  const char* v = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return v;
+}
+
+// ---------- lua bindings ----------
+
+// app.emit(name, ...) — queues a custom event from the calling container
+static int lua_app_emit(lua_State* L) {
+  EventBus* bus = lua_bus(L);
+  const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+  if(strncmp(name, EVENT_ENGINE_PREFIX, strlen(EVENT_ENGINE_PREFIX)) == 0) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "emit: the %s* namespace is reserved for the engine", EVENT_ENGINE_PREFIX);
+  }
+
+  Container* c = ui_lua_current_container(L);
+  uint32_t source = (c != NULL) ? c->id : EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE;
+
+  // Everything above the name is payload; emit consumes it off the stack
+  int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - 1;
+  if(event_emit(bus, name, source, nargs) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "emit: failed to queue %s", name);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// app.subscribe(name, fn) — fn is called as fn(source, ...) during drains
+static int lua_app_subscribe(lua_State* L) {
+  EventBus* bus = lua_bus(L);
+  const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+  luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+
+  int script_env = ui_lua_current_script(L);
+  if(script_env == LUA_NOREF) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "subscribe: no script context");
+  }
+
+  lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
+  int ref = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+  if(add_subscription(bus, name, script_env, ref, NULL, NULL) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, ref);
+    return luaL_error(L, "subscribe: failed to subscribe to %s", name);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// app.get(name) -> value or nil if the property is unregistered/unset
+static int lua_app_get(lua_State* L) {
+  EventBus* bus = lua_bus(L);
+  Property* p = event_property(bus, luaL_checkstring(L, 1));
+  if(p == NULL) {
+    lua_pushnil(L);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  switch(p->type) {
+    case PROPERTY_NUMBER: lua_pushnumber(L, p->value.number); break;
+    case PROPERTY_BOOL:   lua_pushboolean(L, p->value.boolean); break;
+    case PROPERTY_STRING:
+      if(p->value.string == NULL) lua_pushnil(L);
+      else lua_pushstring(L, p->value.string);
+      break;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// app.set(name, value) — writes a registered property; a real change emits
+// engine.changed.<name> with the calling container as the source
+static int lua_app_set(lua_State* L) {
+  EventBus* bus = lua_bus(L);
+  const char* name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+  Property* p = event_property(bus, name);
+  if(p == NULL) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "set: unknown property %s", name);
+  }
+
+  Container* c = ui_lua_current_container(L);
+  uint32_t source = (c != NULL) ? c->id : EVENT_SOURCE_ENGINE;
+
+  VkResult result = VK_SUCCESS;
+  switch(p->type) {
+    case PROPERTY_NUMBER:
+      result = event_property_set_number(bus, name, luaL_checknumber(L, 2), source);
+      break;
+    case PROPERTY_STRING:
+      result = event_property_set_string(bus, name, luaL_checkstring(L, 2), source);
+      break;
+    case PROPERTY_BOOL:
+      luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TBOOLEAN);
+      result = event_property_set_bool(bus, name, lua_toboolean(L, 2), source);
+      break;
+  }
+  if(result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "set: failed to set %s", name);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+VkResult event_bus_init(EventBus* bus, lua_State* L) {
+  memset(bus, 0, sizeof(EventBus));
+  bus->L = L;
+
+  lua_pushlightuserdata(L, bus);
+  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, EVENT_LUA_BUS);
+
+  static const luaL_Reg app_funcs[] = {
+    {"emit",      lua_app_emit},
+    {"subscribe", lua_app_subscribe},
+    {"get",       lua_app_get},
+    {"set",       lua_app_set},
+    {NULL, NULL},
+  };
+  luaL_newlib(L, app_funcs);
+  lua_setglobal(L, "app");
+
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}

client/src/hex.c

@@ -738,13 +738,6 @@ VkResult create_hex_context(
   VK_RESULT(create_point_pipeline(gpu, &context->point_pipeline));
 
   memset(&context->data, 0, sizeof(GPUHexContext));
-  glm_perspective(
-      PERSPECTIVE_FOVY,
-      (float)gpu->swapchain_extent.width/(float)gpu->swapchain_extent.height,
-      PERSPECTIVE_NEARZ,
-      PERSPECTIVE_FARZ,
-      context->data.proj);
-  glm_mat4_identity(context->data.view);
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
     VK_RESULT(create_storage_buffer(
           gpu->allocator, 
@@ -1123,41 +1116,10 @@ bool ray_world_intersect(
   return intersect;
 }
 
-VkResult update_hex_proj(RenderContext* gpu, HexContext* hex) {
+void update_hex_picking_inverse(Camera* camera, HexContext* hex) {
-  glm_perspective(
-      PERSPECTIVE_FOVY,
-      (float)gpu->swapchain_extent.width/(float)gpu->swapchain_extent.height,
-      PERSPECTIVE_NEARZ,
-      PERSPECTIVE_FARZ,
-      hex->data.proj);
-  return add_transfers(
-        &hex->data.proj,
-        hex->context,
-        offsetof(GPUHexContext, proj),
-        sizeof(mat4),
-        gpu);
-}
-
-vec3 up = {0, 1, 0};
-
-VkResult update_hex_view(
-    vec3 position,
-    vec2 rotation,
-    double distance,
-    RenderContext* gpu,
-    HexContext* hex) {
-  vec3 camera = {};
-  camera[0] = position[0] + distance*cos(rotation[1])*cos(rotation[0]);
-  camera[1] = position[1] + distance*sin(rotation[1]);
-  camera[2] = position[2] + distance*cos(rotation[1])*sin(rotation[0]);
-
-  glm_lookat(camera, position, up, hex->data.view);
-
   mat4 regular;
-  glm_mat4_mul(hex->data.proj, hex->data.view, regular);
+  glm_mat4_mul(camera->proj, camera->view, regular);
   glm_mat4_inv(regular, hex->inverse);
-
-  return add_transfers(&hex->data, hex->context, 0, 2*sizeof(mat4), gpu);
 }
 
 void cursor_to_world_ray(RenderContext* gpu, mat4 inverse, double cursor[2], vec4 start, vec4 end) {

client/src/ui.c

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 VkResult create_ui_pipeline(
     VkDevice device,
     VkFormat color_format,
+    VkFormat depth_format,
     VkDescriptorSetLayout samplers_layout,
     VkDescriptorSetLayout textures_layout,
     GraphicsPipeline* pipeline,
@@ -206,6 +207,18 @@ VkResult create_ui_pipeline(
     .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO,
     .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
     .pColorAttachmentFormats = &color_format,
+    .depthAttachmentFormat = depth_format,
+  };
+
+  // UI draws inside the same rendering scope as screen-region camera
+  // passes (see draw_frame), which binds a depth attachment throughout -
+  // every pipeline used in that scope must declare a matching
+  // depthAttachmentFormat above. UI itself stays purely painter's-order via
+  // container_order: it never tests or writes depth.
+  VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depth_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO,
+    .depthTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
+    .depthWriteEnable = VK_FALSE,
   };
 
   VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo draw_pipeline_info = {
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ VkResult create_ui_pipeline(
     .pColorBlendState = &color_blend_info,
     .pDynamicState = &dynamic_info,
     .pMultisampleState = &multisample_info,
+    .pDepthStencilState = &depth_info,
     .pNext = &rendering_info,
     .layout = pipeline->layout,
     .renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE,
@@ -672,17 +686,17 @@ VkResult unload_container(
     }
   }
 
-  // Drop focus without dispatching on_deselect: the script is being unloaded
+  // Drop focus without dispatching on_deselect: the container is being unloaded
   if(context->active_container == container) {
     context->active_container = NULL;
     context->active_element = 0;
   }
 
-  if(container->script_env != 0) {
+  // script_env is not unref'd here: it belongs to the owning script, not
-    luaL_unref(context->lua, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, container->script_env);
+  // this container, and other containers (or none) may still reference it.
-  }
+  // Bus subscriptions are keyed the same way and outlive any one container.
-  if(container->script_path != NULL) {
+  if(container->overlay_ref != LUA_NOREF) {
-    free(container->script_path);
+    luaL_unref(context->lua, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, container->overlay_ref);
   }
 
   memset(container, 0, sizeof(Container));
@@ -782,24 +796,21 @@ VkResult load_container(
   }
 
   c->id = input->id;
+  c->script_env = 0;
+  c->overlay_ref = LUA_NOREF;
   context->container_order[context->container_order_count] = index;
   context->container_order_count += 1;
 
   VK_RESULT(rebuild_indices(c, gpu));
 
-  if(input->script_path != NULL) {
-    c->script_path = strdup(input->script_path);
-    VK_RESULT(ui_lua_load_container(
-        context->lua,
-        c,
-        context,
-        gpu,
-        input->script_path));
-  }
-
   return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+uint32_t ui_alloc_container_id(UIContext* context) {
+  context->next_container_id += 1;
+  return context->next_container_id;
+}
+
 VkResult load_texture(
     const char* png_path,
     RenderContext* gpu,
@@ -1008,6 +1019,111 @@ VkResult load_texture(
   return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+VkResult create_render_target_texture(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* context,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height,
+    uint32_t* index) {
+  *index = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < context->max_textures; i++) {
+    if(context->texture_slots[i].path == NULL) {
+      static const char placeholder[] = "<render-target>";
+      context->texture_slots[i].path = malloc(sizeof(placeholder));
+      memcpy(context->texture_slots[i].path, placeholder, sizeof(placeholder));
+      *index = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if(*index == 0xFFFFFFFF) {
+    return VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY;
+  }
+
+  VkResult result;
+
+  VkImageCreateInfo image_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+    .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
+    .extent = {
+      .width = width,
+      .height = height,
+      .depth = 1,
+    },
+    .mipLevels = 1,
+    .arrayLayers = 1,
+    .format = gpu->swapchain_format.format,
+    .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
+    .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+    .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+    .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+  };
+
+  VmaAllocationCreateInfo memory_info = {
+    .usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY,
+  };
+
+  VK_RESULT(vmaCreateImage(gpu->allocator, &image_info, &memory_info, &context->texture_slots[*index].image, &context->texture_slots[*index].image_memory, NULL));
+
+  VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
+    .image = context->texture_slots[*index].image,
+    .viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+    .format = gpu->swapchain_format.format,
+    .subresourceRange = {
+      .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+      .layerCount = 1,
+      .levelCount = 1,
+    },
+  };
+
+  VK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(gpu->device, &view_info, NULL, &context->texture_slots[*index].view));
+
+  VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
+    .magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+    .minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+    .addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    .addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    .addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+  };
+
+  VK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(gpu->device, &sampler_info, NULL, &context->texture_slots[*index].sampler));
+
+  VkDescriptorImageInfo desc_sampler_info = {
+    .sampler = context->texture_slots[*index].sampler,
+  };
+
+  VkDescriptorImageInfo desc_image_info = {
+    .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+    .imageView = context->texture_slots[*index].view,
+  };
+
+  VkWriteDescriptorSet desc_writes[] = {
+    {
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+      .dstSet = context->textures,
+      .dstBinding = 0,
+      .dstArrayElement = *index,
+      .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE,
+      .descriptorCount = 1,
+      .pImageInfo = &desc_image_info,
+    },
+    {
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+      .dstSet = context->samplers,
+      .dstBinding = 0,
+      .dstArrayElement = *index,
+      .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,
+      .descriptorCount = 1,
+      .pImageInfo = &desc_sampler_info,
+    },
+  };
+
+  vkUpdateDescriptorSets(gpu->device, sizeof(desc_writes)/sizeof(VkWriteDescriptorSet), desc_writes, 0, NULL);
+
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
 VkResult load_font(
     uint32_t index,
     const char* ttf_file,
@@ -1528,6 +1644,7 @@ VkResult create_ui_context(
   VK_RESULT(create_ui_pipeline(
         gpu->device,
         gpu->swapchain_format.format,
+        gpu->depth_format,
         context->samplers_layout,
         context->textures_layout,
         &context->pipeline,
@@ -1545,6 +1662,7 @@ VkResult create_ui_context(
   memset(context->containers, 0, max_containers*sizeof(Container));
   context->container_order = malloc(max_containers*sizeof(uint32_t));
   context->container_order_count = 0;
+  context->next_container_id = 0;
 
   context->lua = luaL_newstate();
   if(context->lua == NULL) {
@@ -1759,3 +1877,17 @@ void anchor_offset(RenderContext* gpu, Container* container, vec2 offset) {
     break;
   }
 }
+
+void container_set_camera(Container* container, Camera* camera) {
+  container->camera = camera;
+}
+
+void container_screen_rect(RenderContext* gpu, Container* container, VkRect2D* out) {
+  vec2 offset = {container->data.offset[0], container->data.offset[1]};
+  anchor_offset(gpu, container, offset);
+
+  out->offset.x = (int32_t)(offset[0]*gpu->window_scale[0]);
+  out->offset.y = (int32_t)(offset[1]*gpu->window_scale[1]);
+  out->extent.width = (uint32_t)(container->data.size[0]*gpu->window_scale[0]);
+  out->extent.height = (uint32_t)(container->data.size[1]*gpu->window_scale[1]);
+}

client/src/ui_lua.c

@@ -10,8 +10,17 @@
 #define UI_LUA_CONTAINER "ui_container"
 #define UI_LUA_CONTEXT   "ui_context"
 #define UI_LUA_GPU       "ui_gpu"
+#define UI_LUA_SCRIPT    "ui_script"
 
 #define UI_LUA_ELEMENT_META "ui_element"
+#define UI_LUA_OVERLAY_META "ui_overlay"
+
+// Opaque overlay handle passed to scripts. Containers are never recycled
+// under a reused id (UIContext.next_container_id only counts up), so unlike
+// element handles, a plain id lookup is enough to detect a destroyed overlay.
+typedef struct UIOverlayHandleStruct {
+  uint32_t container_id;
+} UIOverlayHandle;
 
 // Opaque element handle passed to scripts. container_id + generation let the
 // binding detect stale handles (container unloaded / slot recycled) and raise
@@ -39,6 +48,18 @@ static void set_registry_pointers(lua_State* L, Container* c, UIContext* ui, Ren
   lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, UI_LUA_GPU);
 }
 
+int ui_lua_current_script(lua_State* L) {
+  lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, UI_LUA_SCRIPT);
+  int ref = lua_isnil(L, -1) ? LUA_NOREF : (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1);
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  return ref;
+}
+
+void ui_lua_set_current_script(lua_State* L, int script_env) {
+  lua_pushinteger(L, script_env);
+  lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, UI_LUA_SCRIPT);
+}
+
 // ---------- handle plumbing ----------
 
 static UIElementHandle* check_handle(lua_State* L, int idx) {
@@ -95,6 +116,42 @@ static void push_element_handle(lua_State* L, Container* c, uint32_t element) {
   }
 }
 
+// ---------- overlay handle plumbing ----------
+
+static UIOverlayHandle* check_overlay(lua_State* L, int idx) {
+  return luaL_checkudata(L, idx, UI_LUA_OVERLAY_META);
+}
+
+static Container* resolve_overlay(lua_State* L, UIOverlayHandle* h) {
+  UIContext* ui = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTEXT);
+  Container* c = context_container(h->container_id, ui);
+  if(c == NULL) {
+    luaL_error(L, "overlay %d is destroyed", h->container_id);
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+// Creates the container's one overlay handle and caches its ref so every
+// later dispatch/lookup hands back the same object (scripts compare
+// overlays by identity, e.g. `overlay == picker_overlay`)
+static void push_new_overlay_handle(lua_State* L, Container* c) {
+  UIOverlayHandle* h = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(UIOverlayHandle));
+  h->container_id = c->id;
+  luaL_setmetatable(L, UI_LUA_OVERLAY_META);
+
+  lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+  c->overlay_ref = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+}
+
+// Pushes the container's cached overlay handle (created by ui.create_overlay)
+static void push_overlay_handle(lua_State* L, Container* c) {
+  if(c->overlay_ref == LUA_NOREF) {
+    lua_pushnil(L);
+  } else {
+    lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, c->overlay_ref);
+  }
+}
+
 // ---------- declaration table parsing ----------
 
 static float opt_number_field(lua_State* L, int table, const char* key, float def) {
@@ -171,6 +228,9 @@ static void opt_corner_colors(lua_State* L, int table, vec4 corners[4]) {
 static int lua_ui_rect(lua_State* L) {
   Container* container = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTAINER);
   RenderContext* gpu = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_GPU);
+  if(container == NULL) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "ui.rect: no active overlay (call ui.create_overlay first)");
+  }
   luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
 
   GPUDrawable drawable;
@@ -197,6 +257,9 @@ static int lua_ui_text(lua_State* L) {
   Container* container = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTAINER);
   UIContext* ui = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTEXT);
   RenderContext* gpu = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_GPU);
+  if(container == NULL) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "ui.text: no active overlay (call ui.create_overlay first)");
+  }
   luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
 
   GPUString string;
@@ -385,6 +448,28 @@ static int lua_element_remove(lua_State* L) {
   return 0;
 }
 
+// ---------- overlay handle methods ----------
+
+// overlay:to_front()
+static int lua_overlay_to_front(lua_State* L) {
+  UIOverlayHandle* h = check_overlay(L, 1);
+  UIContext* ui = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTEXT);
+  resolve_overlay(L, h);
+  ui_container_to_front(h->container_id, ui);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// overlay:destroy()
+static int lua_overlay_destroy(lua_State* L) {
+  UIOverlayHandle* h = check_overlay(L, 1);
+  resolve_overlay(L, h);
+  UIContext* ui = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTEXT);
+  RenderContext* gpu = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_GPU);
+
+  unload_container(h->container_id, gpu, ui);
+  return 0;
+}
+
 // ---------- ui table functions ----------
 
 // ui.blur()
@@ -396,13 +481,33 @@ static int lua_ui_blur(lua_State* L) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-// ui.raise() — bring the calling script's container to the front
+// ui.create_overlay{anchor=, offset=, size=} -> overlay handle
-static int lua_ui_raise(lua_State* L) {
+//
-  Container* container = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTAINER);
+// Creates a container and attributes it to whichever script is currently
+// running (see ui_lua_current_script). Becomes the active overlay for any
+// ui.rect/ui.text calls that follow, in this call or later ones from the
+// same script, until another ui.create_overlay changes it.
+static int lua_ui_create_overlay(lua_State* L) {
   UIContext* ui = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTEXT);
+  RenderContext* gpu = registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_GPU);
+  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
 
-  ui_container_to_front(container->id, ui);
+  ContainerInput input = {0};
-  return 0;
+  input.id = ui_alloc_container_id(ui);
+  input.anchor = opt_integer_field(L, 1, "anchor", ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT);
+  opt_vec2_field(L, 1, "offset", input.offset);
+  opt_vec2_field(L, 1, "size", input.size);
+
+  if(load_container(&input, gpu, ui) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "ui.create_overlay: failed to create overlay");
+  }
+
+  Container* c = context_container(input.id, ui);
+  c->script_env = ui_lua_current_script(L);
+
+  push_new_overlay_handle(L, c);
+  set_registry_pointers(L, c, ui, gpu);
+  return 1;
 }
 
 // ui.hsv_to_rgb(h, s, v) -> r, g, b
@@ -440,7 +545,7 @@ void ui_lua_register(lua_State* L) {
     {"rect",           lua_ui_rect},
     {"text",           lua_ui_text},
     {"blur",           lua_ui_blur},
-    {"raise",      lua_ui_raise},
+    {"create_overlay", lua_ui_create_overlay},
     {"hsv_to_rgb",     lua_ui_hsv_to_rgb},
     {"rgb_to_hsv",     lua_ui_rgb_to_hsv},
     {NULL, NULL},
@@ -464,6 +569,22 @@ void ui_lua_register(lua_State* L) {
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");
   lua_pop(L, 1);
 
+  static const luaL_Reg overlay_methods[] = {
+    {"to_front", lua_overlay_to_front},
+    {"destroy",  lua_overlay_destroy},
+    {NULL, NULL},
+  };
+  luaL_newmetatable(L, UI_LUA_OVERLAY_META);
+  luaL_newlib(L, overlay_methods);
+  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");
+  lua_pop(L, 1);
+
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT);     lua_setglobal(L, "ANCHOR_TOP_LEFT");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ANCHOR_TOP_RIGHT);    lua_setglobal(L, "ANCHOR_TOP_RIGHT");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ANCHOR_BOTTOM_LEFT);  lua_setglobal(L, "ANCHOR_BOTTOM_LEFT");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT); lua_setglobal(L, "ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, ANCHOR_CENTER);       lua_setglobal(L, "ANCHOR_CENTER");
+
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_PRESS);               lua_setglobal(L, "PRESS");
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_RELEASE);             lua_setglobal(L, "RELEASE");
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT);   lua_setglobal(L, "MOUSE_LEFT");
@@ -472,6 +593,10 @@ void ui_lua_register(lua_State* L) {
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE);          lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_ESCAPE");
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_ENTER);           lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_ENTER");
   lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_BACKSPACE);       lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_BACKSPACE");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_V);               lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_V");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_N);               lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_N");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_H);               lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_H");
+  lua_pushinteger(L, GLFW_KEY_R);               lua_setglobal(L, "KEY_R");
 
   lua_pushinteger(L, DRAWABLE_TYPE_RECT);       lua_setglobal(L, "RECT");
   lua_pushinteger(L, DRAWABLE_TYPE_RECT_HSV);   lua_setglobal(L, "RECT_HSV");
@@ -481,15 +606,14 @@ void ui_lua_register(lua_State* L) {
   lua_pushinteger(L, UI_EVENT_CURSOR);          lua_setglobal(L, "EVENT_CURSOR");
 }
 
-VkResult ui_lua_load_container(
+VkResult ui_lua_run_script(
     lua_State* L,
-    Container* c,
     UIContext* ui,
     RenderContext* gpu,
     const char* path) {
 
   if(luaL_loadfile(L, path) != LUA_OK) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "ui_lua_load_container: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
+    fprintf(stderr, "ui_lua_run_script: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
     lua_pop(L, 1);
     return VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN;
   }
@@ -506,16 +630,17 @@ VkResult ui_lua_load_container(
   lua_setupvalue(L, -3, 1);
 
   // Ref the env first so the chunk (now at the top) can be called
-  c->script_env = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+  int script_env = luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
 
-  // Top-level script code declares elements via ui.* during execution
+  // No container exists yet — the script creates its own via
-  set_registry_pointers(L, c, ui, gpu);
+  // ui.create_overlay, whenever it wants one
+  ui_lua_set_current_script(L, script_env);
+  set_registry_pointers(L, NULL, ui, gpu);
 
   if(lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0) != LUA_OK) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "ui_lua_load_container: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
+    fprintf(stderr, "ui_lua_run_script: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
     lua_pop(L, 1);
-    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, c->script_env);
+    luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, script_env);
-    c->script_env = 0;
     return VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN;
   }
 
@@ -533,6 +658,7 @@ static bool ui_lua_begin_dispatch(
   if(c == NULL || c->script_env == 0) return false;
 
   set_registry_pointers(L, c, ui, gpu);
+  ui_lua_set_current_script(L, c->script_env);
 
   lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, c->script_env);
   lua_getfield(L, -1, handler);
@@ -556,23 +682,16 @@ static bool ui_lua_finish_dispatch(lua_State* L, const char* handler, int nargs)
   return consumed;
 }
 
-VkResult ui_lua_call(
+Container* ui_lua_current_container(lua_State* L) {
-    UIContext* ui,
+  return registry_pointer(L, UI_LUA_CONTAINER);
-    RenderContext* gpu,
+}
+
+void ui_lua_set_current(
+    lua_State* L,
     Container* c,
-    const char* function,
+    UIContext* ui,
-    const char* argument) {
+    RenderContext* gpu) {
-  lua_State* L = ui->lua;
+  set_registry_pointers(L, c, ui, gpu);
-  if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, function)) {
-    return VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN;
-  }
-  lua_pushstring(L, argument);
-  if(lua_pcall(L, 1, 0, 0) != LUA_OK) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", function, lua_tostring(L, -1));
-    lua_pop(L, 1);
-    return VK_ERROR_UNKNOWN;
-  }
-  return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_button(
@@ -587,13 +706,14 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_button(
     int mods) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_button")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
   lua_pushnumber(L, x);
   lua_pushnumber(L, y);
   lua_pushinteger(L, button);
   lua_pushinteger(L, action);
   lua_pushinteger(L, mods);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_button", 6);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_button", 7);
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_cursor(
@@ -605,10 +725,11 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_cursor(
     float y) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_cursor")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
   lua_pushnumber(L, x);
   lua_pushnumber(L, y);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_cursor", 3);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_cursor", 4);
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_scroll(
@@ -620,10 +741,11 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_scroll(
     double y) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_scroll")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
   lua_pushnumber(L, x);
   lua_pushnumber(L, y);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_scroll", 3);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_scroll", 4);
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_key(
@@ -636,11 +758,12 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_key(
     int mods) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_key")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
   lua_pushinteger(L, key);
   lua_pushinteger(L, action);
   lua_pushinteger(L, mods);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_key", 4);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_key", 5);
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_text(
@@ -651,9 +774,10 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_text(
     unsigned int codepoint) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_text")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
   lua_pushinteger(L, codepoint);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_text", 2);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_text", 3);
 }
 
 bool ui_lua_dispatch_deselect(
@@ -663,6 +787,7 @@ bool ui_lua_dispatch_deselect(
     uint32_t element) {
   lua_State* L = ui->lua;
   if(!ui_lua_begin_dispatch(L, ui, gpu, c, "on_deselect")) return false;
+  push_overlay_handle(L, c);
   push_element_handle(L, c, element);
-  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_deselect", 1);
+  return ui_lua_finish_dispatch(L, "on_deselect", 2);
 }

client/test/editor.c

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ static int failures = 0;
 // land a synthetic click on a given hex vertex/center.
 void world_to_cursor(ClientContext* context, vec3 world_point, double cursor[2]) {
   mat4 view_proj;
-  glm_mat4_mul(context->hex.data.proj, context->hex.data.view, view_proj);
+  glm_mat4_mul(context->camera.proj, context->camera.view, view_proj);
 
   vec4 point = {world_point[0], world_point[1], world_point[2], 1.0f};
   vec4 clip;
@@ -34,17 +34,20 @@ void world_to_cursor(ClientContext* context, vec3 world_point, double cursor[2])
 // matrices the real per-frame update would - required up front since a
 // one-shot app_frame callback runs before app_main's own camera-update step.
 void setup_camera(ClientContext* context) {
-  context->position[0] = 0;
+  Camera* camera = &context->camera;
-  context->position[1] = 0;
+  camera->position[0] = 0;
-  context->position[2] = 0;
+  camera->position[1] = 0;
+  camera->position[2] = 0;
   // rotation[1] intentionally avoids M_PI/2 (straight down), which is
   // parallel to the {0,1,0} up vector and singular for glm_lookat.
-  context->rotation[0] = 0;
+  camera->rotation[0] = 0;
-  context->rotation[1] = 1.3f;
+  camera->rotation[1] = 1.3f;
-  context->distance = 10;
+  camera->distance = 10;
-
+
-  update_hex_proj(&context->render, &context->hex);
+  camera_update_proj(camera, (float)context->render.swapchain_extent.width/(float)context->render.swapchain_extent.height);
-  update_hex_view(context->position, context->rotation, context->distance, &context->render, &context->hex);
+  camera_update_view(camera);
+  camera_sync_gpu(camera, &context->render);
+  update_hex_picking_inverse(camera, &context->hex);
 }
 
 void click(ClientContext* context, vec3 world_point, int mods) {
@@ -53,10 +56,18 @@ void click(ClientContext* context, vec3 world_point, int mods) {
   editor_button_callback(context, (float)cursor[0], (float)cursor[1], GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT, GLFW_PRESS, mods);
 }
 
+// editor_set_mode only writes the editor.mode property; the reset-selection
+// reaction lives in a bus subscriber, so a real mode change requires a
+// drain to take effect - same as it would via a key press in the real app.
+void set_mode(ClientContext* context, EditorMode mode) {
+  editor_set_mode(context, mode);
+  event_bus_drain(&context->events, &context->ui, &context->render, 0);
+}
+
 void test_hex_mode_click_adds(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  clear_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_NONE);
-  enter_hex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_HEX);
 
   vec3 hex0_center = {0, 0, 0};
   click(context, hex0_center, 0);
@@ -73,8 +84,8 @@ void test_hex_mode_click_adds(ClientContext* context) {
 
 void test_hex_mode_ctrl_click_removes(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  clear_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_NONE);
-  enter_hex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_HEX);
 
   vec3 hex0_center = {0, 0, 0};
   vec3 hex1_center = {hex_starts[0][0], hex_starts[0][1], hex_starts[0][2]};
@@ -90,8 +101,8 @@ void test_hex_mode_ctrl_click_removes(ClientContext* context) {
 
 void test_vertex_mode_edge_only_picking(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  clear_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_NONE);
-  enter_vertex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_VERTEX);
 
   // Clicking dead center of the hex would, without edge-only picking, hit
   // vertex 0 (the center) and select nothing.
@@ -104,8 +115,8 @@ void test_vertex_mode_edge_only_picking(ClientContext* context) {
 
 void test_vertex_mode_click_adds_and_ctrl_removes(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  clear_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_NONE);
-  enter_vertex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_VERTEX);
 
   vec3 v1 = {hex_vertices[0][0], hex_vertices[0][1], hex_vertices[0][2]};
   vec3 v4 = {hex_vertices[3][0], hex_vertices[3][1], hex_vertices[3][2]};
@@ -120,18 +131,18 @@ void test_vertex_mode_click_adds_and_ctrl_removes(ClientContext* context) {
 
 void test_mode_switch_resets_selection(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  enter_hex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_HEX);
   click(context, (vec3){0, 0, 0}, 0);
   CHECK(data->selected_count == 1, "setup: a hex should be selected before the mode switch");
 
-  enter_vertex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_VERTEX);
   CHECK(data->selected_count == 0, "switching modes should reset the selection");
 }
 
 void test_empty_space_click_is_noop(ClientContext* context) {
   EditorData* data = context->app_data;
-  clear_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_NONE);
-  enter_hex_mode(data, context, &(ModeKey){0}, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+  set_mode(context, MODE_HEX);
 
   // A cursor coordinate this far outside the window unprojects to a ray
   // angled far off the view axis - guaranteed to miss the small hex region
@@ -140,11 +151,39 @@ void test_empty_space_click_is_noop(ClientContext* context) {
   CHECK(data->selected_count == 0, "clicking empty space should not select anything");
 }
 
-void test_frame_callback(ClientContext* context) {
+// Regression test: editor_startup must compute the initial view matrix
+// itself. It used to rely on init_vulkan's first-frame framebuffer_recreated
+// flag incidentally running the (then-combined) resize+camera update block;
+// once camera integration moved into editor_frame_callback and became
+// gated purely on spin/velocity/zoom, that incidental trigger disappeared,
+// and the hex region was invisible until the camera was first moved. Must
+// run before setup_camera, which would otherwise mask the bug by computing
+// its own view matrix first.
+//
+// ClientContext is zero-initialized (run_app's memset), so all-zero - not
+// identity - is the untouched/broken sentinel to check against; a real
+// glm_lookat result for any non-degenerate camera can't be all-zero.
+void test_initial_camera_view_is_computed(ClientContext* context) {
+  bool is_zero = true;
+  for(int col = 0; col < 4 && is_zero; col++) {
+    for(int row = 0; row < 4; row++) {
+      if(context->camera.view[col][row] != 0.0f) {
+        is_zero = false;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  CHECK(!is_zero, "editor_startup computes the initial view matrix without requiring camera movement");
+}
+
+void test_frame_callback(ClientContext* context, double delta_time) {
+  (void)delta_time;
   static bool ran = false;
   if(ran) return;
   ran = true;
 
+  test_initial_camera_view_is_computed(context);
+
   setup_camera(context);
 
   test_hex_mode_click_adds(context);