Made cameras need a container to draw to, and render cameras seperately

client/include/camera.h

@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@
 #include <cglm/types.h>
 #include "gpu.h"
 
-// Forward declaration only (no #include "ui.h") - camera.h and ui.h are
+// Forward declarations only (no #include "ui.h") - camera.h and ui.h are
 // mutually referential (Container owns a Camera*, Camera targets a
 // UIContext's texture pool) and neither needs more than a pointer to the
 // other's type.
 typedef struct UIContextStruct UIContext;
+typedef struct ContainerStruct Container;
 
 // GPU mirror of the proj/view a camera pushes to its render target's push
 // constant; std430 layout must match shader/camera_common.glsl's Camera
@@ -38,6 +39,14 @@ typedef struct CameraStruct {
   mat4   proj;
 
   bool has_texture_target;
+  // When true, texture dimensions are derived from the first display container
+  // at camera_display() time (and on recreate_framebuffer). Set by
+  // create_camera; cleared when cam:set_size(w,h) fixes explicit dimensions.
+  bool texture_dynamic;
+  // Reserved for future cyclic self-reference support (max render recursion
+  // depth for cameras that display themselves). Default 1 = no recursion.
+  uint32_t max_depth;
+
   struct {
     uint32_t      width, height;
     // Double-buffered per frame-in-flight: two separate vkQueueSubmits
@@ -82,4 +91,32 @@ void camera_destroy_texture_target(
     UIContext* ui,
     Camera* camera);
 
+// Resizes an existing texture target in-place: replaces the per-frame color
+// images and depth images at the SAME texture slot indices, so descriptor
+// bindings (and drawable var fields) remain valid without consuming new slots.
+// Caller must ensure the GPU is idle (e.g. vkDeviceWaitIdle) before calling.
+VkResult camera_recreate_texture_target(
+    Camera* camera,
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height);
+
+// Attaches camera to container as a background IMAGE drawable. Creates the
+// texture target on first call (sizing from container if texture_dynamic).
+// Multiple containers can display the same camera - each gets its own drawable.
+VkResult camera_display(
+    Camera* camera,
+    Container* container,
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui);
+
+// Removes the background IMAGE drawable from container and clears its camera
+// pointer. The texture target (and the camera itself) are unaffected.
+VkResult camera_undisplay(
+    Camera* camera,
+    Container* container,
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui);
+
 #endif

client/include/draw.h

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     RenderContext* context,
     UIContext* ui,
     HexContext* hex,
-    Camera* offscreen_camera,
     double time);
 
 #endif

client/include/engine.h

@@ -54,12 +54,6 @@ struct ClientContextStruct {
   EventBus events;
   Camera camera;
 
-  // Nullable, non-owning. Set by the app to render a second camera's scene
-  // into an offscreen texture each frame (see camera_init_texture_target,
-  // camera.h) - NULL (the zero-init default) skips that pass entirely, so
-  // apps that don't opt in see no behavior change.
-  Camera* offscreen_camera;
-
   void*                app_data;
   app_frame_function   app_frame;
   app_text_callback    app_text;

client/include/ui.h

@@ -182,10 +182,13 @@ struct ContainerStruct {
 
   uint32_t id;
 
-  // Non-owning, nullable. When set, this container's region (anchor/offset/
-  // size) and slot in container_order double as the camera's viewport and
-  // draw order - see container_set_camera/container_screen_rect.
+  // Non-owning, nullable. When set, this container's slot in container_order
+  // determines the camera's render order - see camera_display (camera.h).
   Camera* camera;
+  // Drawable slot index of the camera's background IMAGE element, or
+  // UINT32_MAX when no camera is displayed. Managed by camera_display /
+  // camera_undisplay - do not set directly.
+  uint32_t camera_background_drawable;
 
   // script_env: which script's dispatch handlers (on_button etc.) run for
   // this container's input, 0 = no script. Set by ui.create_overlay, not by
@@ -311,6 +314,17 @@ VkResult create_render_target_texture(
     uint32_t height,
     uint32_t* index);
 
+// Replaces the image/view/sampler for an existing render-target slot with new
+// ones at the given dimensions, then updates the descriptor set in-place.
+// The slot index (and therefore any drawable var referencing it) is unchanged.
+// Caller must vkDeviceWaitIdle or otherwise guarantee the slot is not in use.
+VkResult recreate_render_target_texture(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* context,
+    uint32_t index,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height);
+
 VkResult load_container(
     ContainerInput* container,
     RenderContext* gpu,

client/script/editor_topdown.lua

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 local overlay = ui.create_overlay{anchor = ANCHOR_TOP_RIGHT, offset = {-10, 10}, size = {250, 250}}
 
 local top_down = camera.create()
-top_down:attach(overlay)
+top_down:set_size(250, 250)
+top_down:display(overlay)
 top_down:set_position(0, 0, 0)
 -- Just shy of straight down (pi/2) - exactly vertical is singular for
 -- glm_lookat against the {0,1,0} up vector (same bound editor.c's own pitch

client/src/camera.c

@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 
 #include <cglm/cam.h>
 #include <math.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 static vec3 up = {0, 1, 0};
 
 VkResult create_camera(RenderContext* gpu, Camera* camera) {
   VkResult result;
+  camera->texture_dynamic = true;
+  camera->max_depth = 1;
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
     VK_RESULT(create_storage_buffer(
           gpu->allocator,
@@ -89,6 +92,97 @@ void camera_destroy_texture_target(RenderContext* gpu, UIContext* ui, Camera* ca
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
     vkDestroyImageView(gpu->device, camera->texture.depth_image_view[i], NULL);
     vmaDestroyImage(gpu->allocator, camera->texture.depth_image[i], camera->texture.depth_image_memory[i]);
+    // TODO: free camera->texture.texture_slot[i] from the bindless descriptor
+    // pool once destroy_render_target_texture is implemented. For now the
+    // color slot leaks on destroy - only called from destroy_camera (shutdown).
   }
   camera->has_texture_target = false;
 }
+
+VkResult camera_recreate_texture_target(
+    Camera* camera,
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* ui,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height) {
+  VkResult result;
+  VkExtent2D extent = {width, height};
+  for(uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
+    VK_RESULT(recreate_render_target_texture(gpu, ui, camera->texture.texture_slot[i], width, height));
+    vkDestroyImageView(gpu->device, camera->texture.depth_image_view[i], NULL);
+    vmaDestroyImage(gpu->allocator, camera->texture.depth_image[i], camera->texture.depth_image_memory[i]);
+    VK_RESULT(create_depth_image(
+        gpu->device, gpu->depth_format, extent, gpu->allocator,
+        gpu->extra_graphics_pool, gpu->graphics_queue,
+        &camera->texture.depth_image[i],
+        &camera->texture.depth_image_memory[i],
+        &camera->texture.depth_image_view[i]));
+  }
+  camera->texture.width = width;
+  camera->texture.height = height;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult camera_display(Camera* camera, Container* container, RenderContext* gpu, UIContext* ui) {
+  VkResult result;
+
+  container_set_camera(container, camera);
+
+  if(!camera->has_texture_target) {
+    uint32_t w, h;
+    if(camera->texture_dynamic) {
+      VkRect2D rect;
+      container_screen_rect(gpu, container, &rect);
+      w = rect.extent.width > 0 ? rect.extent.width : 1;
+      h = rect.extent.height > 0 ? rect.extent.height : 1;
+    } else {
+      w = camera->texture.width > 0 ? camera->texture.width : 1;
+      h = camera->texture.height > 0 ? camera->texture.height : 1;
+    }
+    VK_RESULT(camera_init_texture_target(gpu, ui, camera, w, h));
+  }
+
+  GPUDrawable bg = {
+    .pos = {0.0f, 0.0f},
+    .size = {container->data.size[0], container->data.size[1]},
+    .color = {
+      {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
+      {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
+      {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
+      {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
+    },
+    .type = DRAWABLE_TYPE_IMAGE,
+    .var = camera->texture.texture_slot[0],
+    .events = 0,
+    .z = -1e30f,
+  };
+
+  uint32_t bg_slot;
+  VK_RESULT(ui_create_drawable(container, &bg, gpu, &bg_slot));
+
+  // ui_create_drawable → add_transfers uploads var=texture_slot[0] to both
+  // frames. Override frame 1's var in-place (the coalesce in add_transfer
+  // rewrites the staging data without adding a new entry).
+  VK_RESULT(add_transfer(
+      &camera->texture.texture_slot[1],
+      container->drawables[1],
+      sizeof(GPUDrawable) * bg_slot + offsetof(GPUDrawable, var),
+      sizeof(uint32_t),
+      1,
+      gpu));
+
+  container->camera_background_drawable = bg_slot;
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+VkResult camera_undisplay(Camera* camera, Container* container, RenderContext* gpu, UIContext* ui) {
+  (void)camera;
+  (void)ui;
+  VkResult result = VK_SUCCESS;
+  if(container->camera_background_drawable != UINT32_MAX) {
+    result = ui_destroy_drawable(container, container->camera_background_drawable, gpu);
+    container->camera_background_drawable = UINT32_MAX;
+  }
+  container_set_camera(container, NULL);
+  return result;
+}

client/src/draw.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "draw.h"
 #include "hex.h"
+#include "camera.h"
 #include "vulkan/vulkan_core.h"
 
 void record_hex_draw(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, HexContext* hex, VkDeviceAddress camera_address, double time, uint32_t frame) {
@@ -32,22 +33,17 @@ static void bind_ui_pipeline(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, UIContext* ui) {
   vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, ui->pipeline.layout, 3, 1, &ui->textures, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-// Single pass over container_order (back to front, same z-order UI has
-// always used): a container with a camera attached renders that camera's
-// hex scene scissored to its own region first, then every container
-// (camera-attached or not) draws its normal 2D drawables via the UI
-// pipeline on top - see draw_frame's single unified rendering scope, which
-// is what makes interleaving these two pipelines per-container possible
-// without a barrier between them.
-void record_container_draw(
+// UI-only pass over container_order (back to front). Camera scenes are
+// rendered to offscreen textures in draw_frame before this is called; each
+// camera-attached container samples its texture via a background IMAGE
+// drawable created by camera_display (camera.c).
+static void record_container_draw(
     VkCommandBuffer command_buffer,
     RenderContext* gpu,
     UIContext* ui,
-    HexContext* hex,
-    VkViewport full_viewport,
-    VkRect2D full_scissor,
     double time,
     uint32_t frame) {
+  (void)gpu;
   UIPushConstant push = {
     .time = (float)time,
   };
@@ -56,31 +52,6 @@ void record_container_draw(
 
   for(uint32_t o = 0; o < ui->container_order_count; o++) {
     Container* c = &ui->containers[ui->container_order[o]];
-
-    if(c->camera != NULL) {
-      VkRect2D rect;
-      container_screen_rect(gpu, c, &rect);
-      VkViewport camera_viewport = {
-        .x = (float)rect.offset.x,
-        .y = (float)rect.offset.y,
-        .width = (float)rect.extent.width,
-        .height = (float)rect.extent.height,
-        .minDepth = 0.0f,
-        .maxDepth = 1.0f,
-      };
-      vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &camera_viewport);
-      vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &rect);
-
-      record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, c->camera->gpu_address[frame], time, frame);
-
-      // record_hex_draw left a hex pipeline bound (a different bind point
-      // state) and the viewport/scissor scoped to this container - restore
-      // both before this (or the next) container's UI drawables.
-      vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &full_viewport);
-      vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &full_scissor);
-      bind_ui_pipeline(command_buffer, ui);
-    }
-
     push.container = c->address[frame];
     vkCmdPushConstants(command_buffer, ui->pipeline.layout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 0, 16, &push);
     vkCmdDrawIndirect(command_buffer, c->container[frame], offsetof(GPUContainer, draw), 1, 0);
@@ -107,7 +78,6 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     RenderContext* context,
     UIContext* ui,
     HexContext* hex,
-    Camera* offscreen_camera,
     double time) {
   VkResult result;
 
@@ -223,29 +193,39 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     .layerCount = 1,
   };
 
-  // Targets a different image entirely (not the swapchain), so this can run
-  // any time after the command buffer begins - independent of the acquire
-  // below. The read barrier at the end is the producer-before-consumer sync
-  // that makes the texture safe for the unified scene pass (or anything
-  // else) to sample later this same frame.
-  if(offscreen_camera != NULL) {
+  // Render each camera's hex scene to its offscreen texture before the
+  // main scene pass. Iterate container_order to discover cameras; skip
+  // duplicates (same camera referenced by multiple containers).
+  // Cameras are independent so this order carries no semantic dependency.
+  for(uint32_t o = 0; o < ui->container_order_count; o++) {
+    Container* c = &ui->containers[ui->container_order[o]];
+    Camera* cam = c->camera;
+    if(cam == NULL || !cam->has_texture_target) continue;
+
+    bool already_rendered = false;
+    for(uint32_t p = 0; p < o; p++) {
+      if(ui->containers[ui->container_order[p]].camera == cam) {
+        already_rendered = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if(already_rendered) continue;
+
     uint32_t f = context->current_frame;
-    Texture* target = &ui->texture_slots[offscreen_camera->texture.texture_slot[f]];
+    Texture* target = &ui->texture_slots[cam->texture.texture_slot[f]];
 
-    VkViewport offscreen_viewport = {
-      .width = (float)offscreen_camera->texture.width,
-      .height = (float)offscreen_camera->texture.height,
+    VkExtent2D cam_extent = {cam->texture.width, cam->texture.height};
+    VkViewport cam_viewport = {
+      .width = (float)cam_extent.width,
+      .height = (float)cam_extent.height,
       .maxDepth = 1.0f,
       .minDepth = 0.0f,
     };
-    vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &offscreen_viewport);
-
-    VkRect2D offscreen_scissor = {
-      .extent = {offscreen_camera->texture.width, offscreen_camera->texture.height},
-    };
-    vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &offscreen_scissor);
+    vkCmdSetViewport(command_buffer, 0, 1, &cam_viewport);
+    VkRect2D cam_scissor = {.extent = cam_extent};
+    vkCmdSetScissor(command_buffer, 0, 1, &cam_scissor);
 
-    VkImageMemoryBarrier offscreen_acquire_barrier = {
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier cam_acquire_barrier = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
       .srcAccessMask = 0,
       .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
@@ -259,9 +239,9 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
-        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &offscreen_acquire_barrier);
+        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &cam_acquire_barrier);
 
-    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo offscreen_color_attachment = {
+    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo cam_color = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
       .imageView = target->view,
       .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
@@ -269,27 +249,27 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
       .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE,
       .clearValue = {.color = {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}}},
     };
-    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo offscreen_depth_attachment = {
+    VkRenderingAttachmentInfo cam_depth = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
-      .imageView = offscreen_camera->texture.depth_image_view[f],
+      .imageView = cam->texture.depth_image_view[f],
       .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
       .loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR,
       .storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE,
       .clearValue = {.depthStencil = {1.0f, 0}},
     };
-    VkRenderingInfo offscreen_rendering = {
+    VkRenderingInfo cam_rendering = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_INFO,
-      .renderArea = {{0, 0}, offscreen_scissor.extent},
+      .renderArea = {{0, 0}, cam_extent},
       .layerCount = 1,
       .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-      .pColorAttachments = &offscreen_color_attachment,
-      .pDepthAttachment = &offscreen_depth_attachment,
+      .pColorAttachments = &cam_color,
+      .pDepthAttachment = &cam_depth,
     };
-    vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &offscreen_rendering);
-    record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, offscreen_camera->gpu_address[f], time, f);
+    vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &cam_rendering);
+    record_hex_draw(command_buffer, hex, cam->gpu_address[f], time, f);
     vkCmdEndRendering(command_buffer);
 
-    VkImageMemoryBarrier offscreen_read_barrier = {
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier cam_read_barrier = {
       .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
       .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT,
       .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT,
@@ -303,7 +283,7 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
-        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &offscreen_read_barrier);
+        0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &cam_read_barrier);
   }
 
   VkViewport viewport = {
@@ -360,7 +340,7 @@ VkResult draw_frame(
     .pDepthAttachment = &depth_attachment,
   };
   vkCmdBeginRendering(command_buffer, &scene_rendering);
-  record_container_draw(command_buffer, context, ui, hex, viewport, scissor, time, context->current_frame);
+  record_container_draw(command_buffer, context, ui, time, context->current_frame);
   vkCmdEndRendering(command_buffer);
 
   VkImageMemoryBarrier present_barrier = {

client/src/editor.c

@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ void editor_startup(ClientContext* context) {
   };
   load_container(&main_view, &context->render, &context->ui);
   data->main_container = context_container(main_view.id, &context->ui);
-  container_set_camera(data->main_container, &context->camera);
+  camera_display(&context->camera, data->main_container, &context->render, &context->ui);
 
   // The editor sets the camera's initial values and computes its first
   // view/projection here; editor_frame_callback only recomputes them when

client/src/editor_lua.c

@@ -135,23 +135,78 @@ static int lua_camera_gc(lua_State* L) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-// h:attach(overlay) - the overlay's region/z-order becomes this camera's
-// viewport and draw order (see container_set_camera, ui.h)
-static int lua_camera_attach(lua_State* L) {
+// h:display(overlay) - renders this camera's scene into overlay as a
+// background IMAGE drawable. Creates the texture target on first call.
+static int lua_camera_display(lua_State* L) {
   CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
   Container* c = ui_lua_check_overlay(L, 2);
-  container_set_camera(c, h->camera);
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  if(camera_display(h->camera, c, &context->render, &context->ui) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "camera:display: failed to initialise texture target");
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
-// h:detach(overlay)
-static int lua_camera_detach(lua_State* L) {
-  check_camera(L, 1);
+// h:undisplay(overlay) - removes the background drawable and clears the
+// camera pointer from overlay. The texture target is preserved.
+static int lua_camera_undisplay(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
   Container* c = ui_lua_check_overlay(L, 2);
-  container_set_camera(c, NULL);
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  camera_undisplay(h->camera, c, &context->render, &context->ui);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// h:set_size(width, height) - fix the texture target size. Pass 0,0 to
+// restore dynamic sizing (derives from the first display container).
+static int lua_camera_set_size(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
+  uint32_t w = (uint32_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
+  uint32_t h_val = (uint32_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, 3);
+  h->camera->texture.width = w;
+  h->camera->texture.height = h_val;
+  h->camera->texture_dynamic = (w == 0 && h_val == 0);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// h:init_texture_target(width, height) - explicit texture allocation before
+// display; useful when resolution control is needed before attaching.
+static int lua_camera_init_texture_target(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
+  uint32_t w = (uint32_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
+  uint32_t h_val = (uint32_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, 3);
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  if(camera_init_texture_target(&context->render, &context->ui, h->camera, w, h_val) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "camera:init_texture_target: failed");
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
+// h:get_texture_slot() -> current frame's texture slot index
+static int lua_camera_get_texture_slot(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
+  if(!h->camera->has_texture_target) {
+    return luaL_error(L, "camera:get_texture_slot: no texture target");
+  }
+  ClientContext* context = current_context(L);
+  lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)h->camera->texture.texture_slot[context->render.current_frame]);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// h:set_max_depth(n) / h:get_max_depth() -> n
+// Reserved for future cyclic self-reference; currently capped at 1.
+static int lua_camera_set_max_depth(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
+  h->camera->max_depth = (uint32_t)luaL_checkinteger(L, 2);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int lua_camera_get_max_depth(lua_State* L) {
+  CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
+  lua_pushinteger(L, (lua_Integer)h->camera->max_depth);
+  return 1;
+}
+
 // h:set_position(x, y, z)
 static int lua_camera_set_position(lua_State* L) {
   CameraLuaHandle* h = check_camera(L, 1);
@@ -257,8 +312,13 @@ void editor_lua_register(lua_State* L, ClientContext* context) {
 
   static const luaL_Reg camera_methods[] = {
     {"destroy",             lua_camera_destroy},
-    {"attach",       lua_camera_attach},
-    {"detach",       lua_camera_detach},
+    {"display",             lua_camera_display},
+    {"undisplay",           lua_camera_undisplay},
+    {"set_size",            lua_camera_set_size},
+    {"init_texture_target", lua_camera_init_texture_target},
+    {"get_texture_slot",    lua_camera_get_texture_slot},
+    {"set_max_depth",       lua_camera_set_max_depth},
+    {"get_max_depth",       lua_camera_get_max_depth},
     {"set_position",        lua_camera_set_position},
     {"get_position",        lua_camera_get_position},
     {"set_rotation",        lua_camera_set_rotation},

client/src/engine.c

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #include "ui_lua.h"
 #include "gpu.h"
 #include "draw.h"
+#include "camera.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
@@ -211,9 +213,51 @@ int app_main(ClientContext* context) {
     if(context->render.framebuffer_recreated == true) {
       context->render.framebuffer_recreated = false;
       VK_RESULT(update_ui_context_resolution(&context->ui, &context->render));
+
+      // Recreate dynamic camera texture targets to match new container sizes.
+      // Color texture slots from the previous target are leaked (TODO: implement
+      // destroy_render_target_texture and free them here).
+      for(uint32_t o = 0; o < context->ui.container_order_count; o++) {
+        Container* c = &context->ui.containers[context->ui.container_order[o]];
+        Camera* cam = c->camera;
+        if(cam == NULL || !cam->has_texture_target || !cam->texture_dynamic) continue;
+
+        bool already_done = false;
+        for(uint32_t p = 0; p < o; p++) {
+          if(context->ui.containers[context->ui.container_order[p]].camera == cam) {
+            already_done = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if(!already_done) {
+          VkRect2D rect;
+          container_screen_rect(&context->render, c, &rect);
+          uint32_t w = rect.extent.width > 0 ? rect.extent.width : 1;
+          uint32_t h = rect.extent.height > 0 ? rect.extent.height : 1;
+
+          // Recreate in-place: same texture slot indices, new image dimensions.
+          // Slot indices (and therefore drawable var fields) are unchanged.
+          VK_RESULT(camera_recreate_texture_target(cam, &context->render, &context->ui, w, h));
+        }
+
+        // Update background drawable size to match the (possibly new) container
+        // size. Must happen for every container displaying this camera, not
+        // just the first one (multiple containers can share one camera).
+        uint32_t bg = c->camera_background_drawable;
+        if(bg != UINT32_MAX) {
+          c->drawables_buffer[bg].size[0] = c->data.size[0];
+          c->drawables_buffer[bg].size[1] = c->data.size[1];
+          VK_RESULT(add_transfers(
+              &c->drawables_buffer[bg].size,
+              c->drawables,
+              sizeof(GPUDrawable)*bg + offsetof(GPUDrawable, size),
+              sizeof(vec2),
+              &context->render));
+        }
+      }
     }
 
-    VkResult result = draw_frame(&context->render, &context->ui, &context->hex, context->offscreen_camera, frame_time);
+    VkResult result = draw_frame(&context->render, &context->ui, &context->hex, frame_time);
     if(result != VK_SUCCESS) {
       fprintf(stderr, "draw_frame error: %s\n", string_VkResult(result));
       glfwDestroyWindow(context->window);

client/src/hex.c

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ VkResult create_point_pipeline(
     .srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
     .dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
     .colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
     .dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
     .alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
   };
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ VkResult create_ray_pipeline(
     .srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
     .dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
     .colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
     .dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
     .alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
   };
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ VkResult create_hex_highlight_pipeline(
     .srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
     .dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
     .colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
     .dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
     .alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
   };
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ VkResult create_hex_pipeline(
     .srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA,
     .dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA,
     .colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
-    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
+    .srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE,
     .dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO,
     .alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD,
   };

client/src/ui.c

@@ -800,6 +800,7 @@ VkResult load_container(
   }
 
   c->id = input->id;
+  c->camera_background_drawable = UINT32_MAX;
   c->script_env = 0;
   c->overlay_ref = LUA_NOREF;
   context->container_order[context->container_order_count] = index;
@@ -1128,6 +1129,83 @@ VkResult create_render_target_texture(
   return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+VkResult recreate_render_target_texture(
+    RenderContext* gpu,
+    UIContext* context,
+    uint32_t index,
+    uint32_t width,
+    uint32_t height) {
+  VkResult result;
+  Texture* slot = &context->texture_slots[index];
+
+  vkDestroySampler(gpu->device, slot->sampler, NULL);
+  vkDestroyImageView(gpu->device, slot->view, NULL);
+  vmaDestroyImage(gpu->allocator, slot->image, slot->image_memory);
+
+  VkImageCreateInfo image_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+    .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
+    .extent = {.width = width, .height = height, .depth = 1},
+    .mipLevels = 1,
+    .arrayLayers = 1,
+    .format = gpu->swapchain_format.format,
+    .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
+    .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+    .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+    .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+  };
+  VmaAllocationCreateInfo memory_info = {.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY};
+  VK_RESULT(vmaCreateImage(gpu->allocator, &image_info, &memory_info, &slot->image, &slot->image_memory, NULL));
+
+  VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
+    .image = slot->image,
+    .viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+    .format = gpu->swapchain_format.format,
+    .subresourceRange = {.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, .layerCount = 1, .levelCount = 1},
+  };
+  VK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(gpu->device, &view_info, NULL, &slot->view));
+
+  VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler_info = {
+    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO,
+    .magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+    .minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
+    .addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    .addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+    .addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+  };
+  VK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(gpu->device, &sampler_info, NULL, &slot->sampler));
+
+  VkDescriptorImageInfo desc_sampler_info = {.sampler = slot->sampler};
+  VkDescriptorImageInfo desc_image_info = {
+    .imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+    .imageView = slot->view,
+  };
+  VkWriteDescriptorSet desc_writes[] = {
+    {
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+      .dstSet = context->textures,
+      .dstBinding = 0,
+      .dstArrayElement = index,
+      .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE,
+      .descriptorCount = 1,
+      .pImageInfo = &desc_image_info,
+    },
+    {
+      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+      .dstSet = context->samplers,
+      .dstBinding = 0,
+      .dstArrayElement = index,
+      .descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER,
+      .descriptorCount = 1,
+      .pImageInfo = &desc_sampler_info,
+    },
+  };
+  vkUpdateDescriptorSets(gpu->device, sizeof(desc_writes)/sizeof(VkWriteDescriptorSet), desc_writes, 0, NULL);
+
+  return VK_SUCCESS;
+}
+
 VkResult load_font(
     uint32_t index,
     const char* ttf_file,