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.. _modding-guide:
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DFHack modding guide
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====================
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What is the difference between a script and a mod?
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--------------------------------------------------
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A script is a single file that can be run as a command in DFHack, like something
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that modifies or displays game data on request. A mod is something you install
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to get persistent behavioural changes in the game and/or add new content. Mods
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can contain and use scripts in addition to (or instead of) modifications to the
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DF game raws.
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DFHack scripts are written in Lua. If you don't already know Lua, there's a
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great primer at `lua.org <https://www.lua.org/pil/contents.html>`__.
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Why not just mod the raws?
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--------------------------
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It depends on what you want to do. Some mods *are* better to do in just the
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raws. You don't need DFHack to add a new race or modify attributes, for example.
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However, DFHack scripts can do many things that you just can't do in the raws,
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like make a creature that trails smoke. Some things *could* be done in the raws,
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but writing a script is less hacky, easier to maintain, easier to extend, and is
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not prone to side-effects. A great example is adding a syndrome when a reaction
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is performed. If done in the raws, you have to create an exploding boulder to
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apply the syndrome. DFHack scripts can add the syndrome directly and with much
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more flexibility. In the end, complex mods will likely require a mix of raw
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modding and DFHack scripting.
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A mod-maker's development environment
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-------------------------------------
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While you're writing your mod, you need a place to store your in-development
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scripts that will:
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- be directly runnable by DFHack
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- not get lost when you upgrade DFHack
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The recommended approach is to create a directory somewhere outside of your DF
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installation (let's call it "/path/to/own-scripts") and do all your script
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development in there.
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Inside your DF installation folder, there is a file named
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:file:`dfhack-config/script-paths.txt`. If you add a line like this to that
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file::
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+/path/to/own-scripts
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Then that directory will be searched when you run DFHack commands from inside
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the game. The ``+`` at the front of the path means to search that directory
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first, before any other script directory (like :file:`hack/scripts` or
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:file:`raw/scripts`). That way, your latest changes will always be used instead
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of older copies that you may have installed in a DF directory.
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For scripts with the same name, the `order of precedence <script-paths>` will
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be:
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1. ``own-scripts/``
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2. ``data/save/*/raw/scripts/``
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3. ``raw/scripts/``
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4. ``hack/scripts/``
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The structure of the game
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-------------------------
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"The game" is in the global variable `df <lua-df>`. The game's memory can be
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found in ``df.global``, containing things like the list of all items, whether to
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reindex pathfinding, et cetera. Also relevant to us in ``df`` are the various
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types found in the game, e.g. ``df.pronoun_type`` which we will be using in this
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guide. We'll explore more of the game structures below.
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Your first script
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-----------------
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So! It's time to write your first script. This section will walk you through how
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to make a script that will get the pronoun type of the currently selected unit.
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First line, we get the unit::
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local unit = dfhack.gui.getSelectedUnit()
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If no unit is selected, an error message will be printed (which can be silenced
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by passing ``true`` to ``getSelectedUnit``) and ``unit`` will be ``nil``.
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If ``unit`` is ``nil``, we don't want the script to run anymore::
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if not unit then
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return
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end
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Now, the field ``sex`` in a unit is an integer, but each integer corresponds to
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a string value ("it", "she", or "he"). We get this value by indexing the
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bidirectional map ``df.pronoun_type``. Indexing the other way, incidentally,
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with one of the strings, will yield its corresponding number. So::
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local pronounTypeString = df.pronoun_type[unit.sex]
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print(pronounTypeString)
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Simple. Save this as a Lua file in your own scripts directory and run it as
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shown before when a unit is selected in the Dwarf Fortress UI.
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Exploring DF structures
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-----------------------
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So how could you have known about the field and type we just used? Well, there
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are two main tools for discovering the various fields in the game's data
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structures. The first is the ``df-structures``
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`repository <https://github.com/DFHack/df-structures>`__ that contains XML files
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describing the contents of the game's structures. These are complete, but
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difficult to read (for a human). The second option is the `gui/gm-editor`
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script, an interactive data explorer. You can run the script while objects like
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units are selected to view the data within them. You can also run
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``gui/gm-editor scr`` to view the data for the current screen. Press :kbd:`?`
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while the script is active to view help.
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Familiarising yourself with the many structs of the game will help with ideas
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immensely, and you can always ask for help in the `right places <support>`.
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Detecting triggers
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------------------
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The common method for injecting new behaviour into the game is to define a
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callback function and get it called when something interesting happens. DFHack
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provides two libraries for this, ``repeat-util`` and `eventful <eventful-api>`.
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``repeat-util`` is used to run a function once per a configurable number of
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frames (paused or unpaused), ticks (unpaused), in-game days, months, or years.
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If you need to be aware the instant something happens, you'll need to run a
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check once a tick. Be careful not to do this gratuitiously, though, since
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running that often can slow down the game!
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``eventful``, on the other hand, is much more performance-friendly since it will
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only call your callback when a relevant event happens, like a reaction or job
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being completed or a projectile moving.
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To get something to run once per tick, we can call
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``repeat-util.scheduleEvery()``. First, we load the module::
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local repeatUtil = require('repeat-util')
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Both ``repeat-util`` and ``eventful`` require keys for registered callbacks. You
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should use something unique, like your mod name::
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local modId = "callback-example-mod"
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Then, we pass the key, amount of time units between function calls, what the
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time units are, and finally the callback function itself::
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repeatUtil.scheduleEvery(modId, 1, "ticks", function()
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-- Do something like iterating over all active units and
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-- check for something interesting
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for _, unit in ipairs(df.global.world.units.active) do
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...
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end
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end)
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``eventful`` is slightly more involved. First get the module::
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local eventful = require('plugins.eventful')
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``eventful`` contains a table for each event which you populate with functions.
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Each function in the table is then called with the appropriate arguments when
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the event occurs. So, for example, to print the position of a moving (item)
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projectile::
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eventful.onProjItemCheckMovement[modId] = function(projectile)
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print(projectile.cur_pos.x, projectile.cur_pos.y,
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projectile.cur_pos.z)
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end
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Check out the `full list of supported events <eventful-api>` to see what else
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you can react to with ``eventful``.
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Now, you may have noticed that you won't be able to register multiple callbacks
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with a single key named after your mod. You can, of course, call all the
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functions you want from a single registed callback. Alternately, you can create
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multiple callbacks using different keys, using your mod ID as a key name prefix.
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If you do register multiple callbacks, though, there are no guarantees about the
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call order.
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Custom raw tokens
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-----------------
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In this section, we are going to use `custom raw tokens <custom-raw-tokens>`
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applied to a reaction to transfer the material of a reagent to a product as a
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handle improvement (like on artifact buckets), and then we are going to see how
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you could make boots that make units go faster when worn.
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First, let's define a custom crossbow with its own custom reaction. The
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crossbow::
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[ITEM_WEAPON:ITEM_WEAPON_CROSSBOW_SIEGE]
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[NAME:crossbow:crossbows]
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[SIZE:600]
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[SKILL:HAMMER]
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[RANGED:CROSSBOW:BOLT]
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[SHOOT_FORCE:4000]
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[SHOOT_MAXVEL:800]
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[TWO_HANDED:0]
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[MINIMUM_SIZE:17500]
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[MATERIAL_SIZE:4]
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[ATTACK:BLUNT:10000:4000:bash:bashes:NO_SUB:1250]
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[ATTACK_PREPARE_AND_RECOVER:3:3]
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[SIEGE_CROSSBOW_MOD_FIRE_RATE_MULTIPLIER:2] custom token (you'll see)
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The reaction to make it (you would add the reaction and not the weapon to an
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entity raw)::
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[REACTION:MAKE_SIEGE_CROSSBOW]
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[NAME:make siege crossbow]
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[BUILDING:BOWYER:NONE]
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[SKILL:BOWYER]
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[REAGENT:mechanism 1:2:TRAPPARTS:NONE:NONE:NONE]
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[REAGENT:bar:150:BAR:NONE:NONE:NONE]
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[METAL_ITEM_MATERIAL]
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[REAGENT:handle 1:1:BLOCKS:NONE:NONE:NONE] wooden handles
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[ANY_PLANT_MATERIAL]
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[REAGENT:handle 2:1:BLOCKS:NONE:NONE:NONE]
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[ANY_PLANT_MATERIAL]
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[SIEGE_CROSSBOW_MOD_TRANSFER_HANDLE_MATERIAL_TO_PRODUCT_IMPROVEMENT:1]
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another custom token
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[PRODUCT:100:1:WEAPON:ITEM_WEAPON_CROSSBOW_SIEGE:GET_MATERIAL_FROM_REAGENT:bar:NONE]
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So, we are going to use the ``eventful`` module to make it so that (after the
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script is run) when this crossbow is crafted, it will have two handles, each
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with the material given by the block reagents.
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First, require the modules we are going to use::
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local eventful = require("plugins.eventful")
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local customRawTokens = require("custom-raw-tokens")
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Now, let's make a callback (we'll be defining the body of this function soon)::
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local modId = "siege-crossbow-mod"
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eventful.onReactionComplete[modId] = function(reaction,
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reactionProduct, unit, inputItems, inputReagents,
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outputItems)
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First, we check to see if it the reaction that just happened is relevant to this
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callback::
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if not customRawTokens.getToken(reaction,
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"SIEGE_CROSSBOW_MOD_TRANSFER_HANDLE_MATERIAL_TO_PRODUCT_IMPROVEMENT")
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then
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return
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end
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Then, we get the product number listed. Next, for every reagent, if the reagent
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name starts with "handle" then we get the corresponding item, and...
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::
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for i, reagent in ipairs(inputReagents) do
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if reagent.code:startswith('handle') then
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-- Found handle reagent
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local item = inputItems[i]
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...We then add a handle improvement to the listed product within our loop::
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local new = df.itemimprovement_itemspecificst:new()
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new.mat_type, new.mat_index = item.mat_type, item.mat_index
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new.type = df.itemimprovement_specific_type.HANDLE
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outputItems[productNumber - 1].improvements:insert('#', new)
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This works well as long as you don't have multiple stacks filling up one
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reagent.
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Let's also make some code to modify the fire rate of our siege crossbow::
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eventful.onProjItemCheckMovement[modId] = function(projectile)
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if projectile.distance_flown > 0 then
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-- don't make this adjustment more than once
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return
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end
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local firer = projectile.firer
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if not firer then
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return
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end
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local weapon = df.item.find(projectile.bow_id)
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if not weapon then
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return
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end
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local multiplier = tonumber(customRawTokens.getToken(
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weapon.subtype,
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"SIEGE_CROSSBOW_MOD_FIRE_RATE_MULTIPLIER")) or 1
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firer.counters.think_counter = math.floor(
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firer.counters.think_counter * multiplier)
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end
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Now, let's see how we could make some "pegasus boots". First, let's define the
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item in the raws::
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[ITEM_SHOES:ITEM_SHOES_BOOTS_PEGASUS]
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[NAME:pegasus boot:pegasus boots]
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[ARMORLEVEL:1]
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[UPSTEP:1]
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[METAL_ARMOR_LEVELS]
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[LAYER:OVER]
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[COVERAGE:100]
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[LAYER_SIZE:25]
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[LAYER_PERMIT:15]
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[MATERIAL_SIZE:2]
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[METAL]
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[LEATHER]
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[HARD]
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[PEGASUS_BOOTS_MOD_MOVEMENT_TIMER_REDUCTION_PER_TICK:5] custom raw token
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(you don't have to comment the custom token every time,
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but it does clarify what it is)
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Then, let's make a ``repeat-util`` callback for once a tick::
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repeatUtil.scheduleEvery(modId, 1, "ticks", function()
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Let's iterate over every active unit, and for every unit, iterate over their
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worn items to calculate how much we are going to take from their movement
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timer::
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for _, unit in ipairs(df.global.world.units.active) do
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local amount = 0
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for _, entry in ipairs(unit.inventory) do
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if entry.mode == df.unit_inventory_item.T_mode.Worn then
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local reduction = customRawTokens.getToken(
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entry.item,
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'PEGASUS_BOOTS_MOD_MOVEMENT_TIMER_REDUCTION_PER_TICK')
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amount = amount + (tonumber(reduction) or 0)
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end
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end
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end
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-- Subtract amount from movement timer if currently moving
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dfhack.units.addMoveTimer(-amount)
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The structure of a full mod
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---------------------------
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Create a folder for mod projects somewhere outside your Dwarf Fortress
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installation directory (e.g. ``/path/to/mymods/``) and use your mod IDs as the
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names for the mod folders within it. In the example below, we'll use a mod ID of
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``example-mod``. I'm sure your mods will have more creative names! The
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``example-mod`` mod will be developed in the ``/path/to/mymods/example-mod/``
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directory and has a basic structure that looks like this::
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raw/init.d/example-mod.lua
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raw/objects/...
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raw/scripts/example-mod.lua
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raw/scripts/example-mod/...
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README.md
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Let's go through that line by line.
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* A short (one-line) script in ``raw/init.d/`` to initialise your
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mod when a save is loaded.
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* Modifications to the game raws (potentially with custom raw tokens) go in
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``raw/objects/``.
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* A control script in ``raw/scripts/`` that handles enabling and disabling your
|
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mod.
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* A subfolder for your mod under ``raw/scripts/`` will contain all the internal
|
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scripts and/or modules used by your mod.
|
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It is a good idea to use a version control system to organize changes to your
|
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mod code. You can create a separate Git repository for each of your mods. The
|
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``README.md`` file will be your mod help text when people browse to your online
|
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repository.
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Unless you want to install your ``raw/`` folder into your DF game folder every
|
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time you make a change to your scripts, you should add your development scripts
|
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directory to your script paths in ``dfhack-config/script-paths.txt``::
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+/path/to/mymods/example-mod/raw/scripts/
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Ok, you're all set up! Now, let's take a look at an example
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``raw/scripts/example-mod.lua`` file::
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||||
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||||
-- main setup and teardown for example-mod
|
||||
-- this next line indicates that the script supports the "enable"
|
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-- API so you can start it by running "enable example-mod" and stop
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-- it by running "disable example-mod"
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--@ enable = true
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local usage = [[
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Usage
|
||||
-----
|
||||
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enable example-mod
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disable example-mod
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||||
]]
|
||||
local repeatUtil = require('repeat-util')
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local eventful = require('plugins.eventful')
|
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|
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-- you can reference global values or functions declared in any of
|
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-- your internal scripts
|
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local moduleA = reqscript('example-mod/module-a')
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local moduleB = reqscript('example-mod/module-b')
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local moduleC = reqscript('example-mod/module-c')
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local moduleD = reqscript('example-mod/module-d')
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||||
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||||
enabled = enabled or false
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local modId = 'example-mod'
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if not dfhack_flags.enable then
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print(usage)
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print()
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print(('Example mod is currently '):format(
|
||||
enabled and 'enabled' or 'disabled'))
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return
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end
|
||||
|
||||
if dfhack_flags.enable_state then
|
||||
-- do any initialization your internal scripts might require
|
||||
moduleA.onLoad()
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||||
moduleB.onLoad()
|
||||
|
||||
-- register your callbacks
|
||||
repeatUtil.scheduleEvery(modId .. ' every tick', 1, 'ticks',
|
||||
moduleA.every1Tick)
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||||
repeatUtil.scheduleEvery(modId .. ' 100 frames', 1, 'frames',
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moduleD.every100Frames)
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||||
|
||||
-- multiple functions in the same callback
|
||||
eventful.onReactionComplete[modId] = function(reaction,
|
||||
reaction_product, unit, input_items, input_reagents,
|
||||
output_items)
|
||||
-- pass the event's parameters to the listeners
|
||||
moduleB.onReactionComplete(reaction, reaction_product,
|
||||
unit, input_items, input_reagents, output_items)
|
||||
moduleC.onReactionComplete(reaction, reaction_product,
|
||||
unit, input_items, input_reagents, output_items)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
-- one function per callback (you can put them in the
|
||||
-- above format if you prefer)
|
||||
eventful.onProjItemCheckMovement[modId] = moduleD.onProjItemCheckMovement
|
||||
eventful.onProjUnitCheckMovement[modId] = moduleD.onProjUnitCheckMovement
|
||||
|
||||
print('Example mod enabled')
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||||
enabled = true
|
||||
else
|
||||
-- call any shutdown functions your internal scripts might require
|
||||
moduleA.onUnload()
|
||||
|
||||
repeatUtil.cancel(modId .. ' every ticks')
|
||||
repeatUtil.cancel(modId .. ' 100 frames')
|
||||
|
||||
eventful.onReactionComplete[modId] = nil
|
||||
eventful.onProjItemCheckMovement[modId] = nil
|
||||
eventful.onProjUnitCheckMovement[modId] = nil
|
||||
|
||||
print('Example mod disabled')
|
||||
enabled = false
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
You can call ``enable example-mod`` and ``disable example-mod`` yourself while
|
||||
developing, but for end users you can start your mod automatically from
|
||||
``raw/init.d/example-mod.lua``::
|
||||
|
||||
dfhack.run_command('enable example-mod')
|
||||
|
||||
Inside ``raw/scripts/example-mod/module-a.lua`` you could have code like this::
|
||||
|
||||
--@ module = true
|
||||
-- The above line is required for reqscript to work
|
||||
|
||||
function onLoad() -- global variables are exported
|
||||
-- do initialization here
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
-- this is an internal function: local functions/variables
|
||||
-- are not exported
|
||||
local function usedByOnTick(unit)
|
||||
-- ...
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
function onTick() -- exported
|
||||
for _,unit in ipairs(df.global.world.units.all) do
|
||||
usedByOnTick(unit)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
The `reqscript <reqscript>` function reloads scripts that have changed, so you can modify
|
||||
your scripts while DF is running and just disable/enable your mod to load the
|
||||
changes into your ongoing game!
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue